Different cycles in Gas turbine & Steam Turbine

Presented By Vatsala Sharma Dy. Director

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Avanta Power

Energy Conversion Efficiency

100%

39%

61%

Heat Input
Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Electrical Energy
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Heat Rejected

 The change in entropy,

dQ T

In any spontaneous process, the entropy can not decrease.

S 0.
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This is the second law of thermodynamics, with equality holding for a reversible process.
Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Latent Heat
T
100oC water temp rises water changes to steam (boils)

steam temp rises

Q added to water

Q = m L with L = Latent Heat L [J/kg]: Q is the amount of heat needed to add or remove from a substance with mass m to change the state of that substance.
Substance water
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Lf (J/kg) Lv (J/kg) 33.5 x 104 22.6 x 105

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The Ideal Gas Law (review)

P V = N kB T
N = number of molecules
N = number of moles (n) x NA molecules/mole

kB = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

PV=nRT
R = ideal gas constant = NAkB = 8.31 J/mol/K
Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director Avanta Power

PV Diagrams
PV Diagram-1

Pi
Pf

A gas expands (slowly) from state i to state f. The work done by the gas equals the area under the PV curve.
f

Vi

Vf

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Avanta Power

Types of Cycles
Carnot Cycle:- It is a hypothetical / Ideal cycle. Rankine Cycle:- Used in Steam Cycle Modified Rankine Cycle : Reheat & regenerative Cycles Binary Vapour Cycle (Working Fluid is Mercury)

Brayton Cycle:- Used hypothetical in Gas Turbine Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Vatsala Sharma,Dy Avanta Power
Director

 The Carnot Cycle (Engine)

An ideal reversible heat engine (no heat engine can be more efficient than a Carnot engine) A 4 stage engine that operates between 2 temperature reservoirs (Thot and Tcold) consisting of
2 isothermic phases 2 adabatic phases

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Avanta Power

Carnot (ideal) engine:

% Efficiency = % eCarnot = (Qinput Qout)/Qinput
since Qinput/Qout = Thot/Tcold the efficiency can be written as

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Avanta Power

Simplified Diagram

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Basic Power Plant Cycle

AB Heating of feed water (Sensible heat addition) BC Evaporation of water in boiler (Latend heat addition) CD _ Superheating of Steam (Superheat addition) DE Expansion of steam in turbine FA - Condensation of steam in the condenser

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Avanta Power

13

Modified Rankine Cycle

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

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Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

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Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

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Increasing Of Thermal Efficiency

Thermal efficiency of the cycle is defined as: Useful heat/ Total heat Useful heat means that part of total which is used in rotating the turbine , when steam expands adiabatically (no heat is accepted or rejected during the process )in the turbine.

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

Avanta Power

THERMAL PROCESS LOSSES

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

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Hot Flue gas to Electricity .. Basics

Pollutants

Coal

Super Heated Steam

Heat Loss In Condenser

Turbine Torque
Mech. Energy Loss

Alternating current in Stator

Elet. Energy Loss

Heat

ASH

Loss

Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

Kinetic Energy

Electrical Energy

Vatsala Sharma,Dy Director

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