Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business

4th Edition John S. Croucher

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 1

Chapter M1

Basic mathematics

Learning Objectives
Carry out calculations involving whole numbers Carry out calculations involving fractions Carry out calculations involving decimals Carry out calculations involving exponents Use and understand scientific notation Use and understand logarithms

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 2

Whole numbers

The decimal system

Numerals
symbols i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3are numerals represent natural numbers or whole numbers used to count whole objects or fractions of them

Integer
is another name for a whole number

Digits
numerals consist of one or more digits

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 3

Mathematical operations

Four basic mathematical operations performed on numbers multiplication represented by: x

division represented by: addition represented by: subtraction represented by:

+ -

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 4

Rules for mathematical operations

Order

of operations:
Multiplication and division
BEFORE

Addition and subtraction

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 5

Rules for mathematical operations

Multiplication and division

same signs give positive result
5 6 11 & 20 5 4 3 1 6 2

different signs give negative result

5 4 20 &

perform calculations in brackets first

3 6 7 39
2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 6

Rules for mathematical operations

Addition
like signsuse the sign and add unlike signsuse sign of greater and subtract

Subtraction
Two signs next to each other minus a minus is a plus-(-3)=3 minus a plus is a minus-(+3)=-3

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 7

Fractions

A fraction appears as: a numerator

b

denomin ator

Proper fractionnumerator less than denominator 3 8 Improper fractionnumerator greater than denominator 15 7

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 8

Addition & subtraction of fractions

Different denominators
change denominators to lowest common multiple
1 2 5 6 4 15 25 7 1 3 9 6 18 18 18

LCM (Lowest Common multiple) is the smallest number into which all denominators will divide

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 9

Multiplication & division of fractions

Multiply numerators to get new numerator
Multiply denominators to get new denominator

Cancel common factors of nominators and numerators by multiplying

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 10

10

Decimals

Any fractions can be expressed as a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator.
A decimal consists of three components:
an integer a decimal point another integer.
2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 11

11

Rules for decimals

Addition and subtraction

Align the numbers so that the decimal points are directly underneath each other.
Add 2.3 0.34 1.672 2.3 0.34 1.672 4.312
2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 12

12

Rules for decimals

Multiplication and division

1. 2. 3. 4. Count the number of digits to the right of each decimal point for each number. Add the number of digits in Step 1 to obtain a number, say x. Multiply the two original decimals, ignoring decimal points. Mark the decimal point in the answer to Step 3 so that there are x digits to the right of the decimal point.

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 13

13

Exponents

An exponent or power of a number is written as a superscript to a number called the base. The base number is said to be in exponential form. Exponential forman
where a is the base where n is the exponent or power
2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 14

14

Rules for exponents

Positive exponents
Two numbers with same basean & am The product will have the same base; the exponent will be the sum of the two original exponentsan x am = an+m The quotient of the two numbers will have the same base; the exponent will be the difference between the original exponentsan am = an-m

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 15

15

Rules for exponents

Positive exponents
A number in exponential form is raised to another exponent. The result is the original base raised to the product of the exponents. (an )m = anm

Negative exponents
A number expressed with a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same number with the negative sign removed.

an
Slide 16
16

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Rules for exponents

Fractional exponents
Exponents can be expressed as a fraction
where k is an integer and is said to be the kth root of a when k=2 it is the square root; k=3 is the cube root
1 ak

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 17

17

Rules for exponents

Scientific notation
Scientific notation is a shorthand way of writing very large and very small numbers. Scientific notation expresses the number as a numeral (less than 10) multiplied by the base number 10 raised to an exponent. The reference position for the decimal point in a number is immediately to the right of the first non-zero digit.

2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 18

18

Logarithms

Logarithms are closely connected to the theory of exponents. Calculations using logarithms have been replaced by calculators since the 1970s. An understanding of logarithms can be useful in statistics, physics, engineering etc. The logarithm of a number N to a base b is the power to which b must be raised to obtain N. logbN That is, if x = logbN, then N = bx
2002 McGraw-Hill Australia, PPTs t/a Introductory Mathematics & Statistics for Business 4e by John S. Croucher

Slide 19

19