UNIT XV

Chapter 84:

Sports Physiology
Slides by Robert L. Hester, PhD

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Sports Physiology
MUSCLE
Strength
proportional to x-sectional area testosterone increases x-sec by up to 40%

Power
Kg/Min
decreases with time of work 8-10 sec 7000 Kg/min next min 4000 next hr 1700

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Muscle
Endurance
largely a function of glycogen stores in muscle cells and liver dependent on diet
endurance (min) glycogen (g/Kg)

hi carb diet mixed diet hi fat diet

240 120 85

40 20 6

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Muscle Metabolic Systems

Figure 84-1

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Muscle Metabolic Systems

Phosphate enough stored for 8-10 sec max work can supply 4x ATP/min as aerobic Glycolysis anaerobic strongly inhibited by low pH forms lactic acid can supply 2.5x ATP/min as aerobic

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Muscle Metabolic Systems

aerobic can last indefinitely metabolic recovery
lactic acid --> glucose --> glycogen oxygen debt

restoration depends on carbohydrate in diet

requires 48 hr

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Endurance is dependent on diet

Figure 84-4
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Restoration of Glycogen is dependent on diet

Figure 84-3
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Muscle Metabolic Systems

Fast twitch -- slow twitch
Fast: 2x diameter Fast: 2-3x phosphagen & glycolytic rate Slow: more mitochondria, higher rate of oxidative metab Slow: more myoglobin Slow: more capillaries

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption

Figure 84-6
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Respiration
O2 consumption-VO2-ml/min
250 ml/min at rest 3600 in untrained at max 4000 in trained at max 5100 in marathon runner at max

VO2 max occurs when pulm ventilation at 60-70% training will increase VO2 max by only 10% blood gases in max work normal except for pH

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Muscle Blood Flow and Exercise

Figure 84-8
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Cardiovascular System

muscle blood flow resting = 3-6 ml/100g/min max work = 90 ml/100g/min results from vasodilation and increase BP

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Cardiovascular System
Cardiac output resting = 5.5L/min max untrained = 23 L/min max marathon = 30 L/min VO2 max is limited by cardiac output max Cardiac output increase is a function of venous return-blood vol. contractility

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Relationship between Work and Cardiac Output and VO2

Figure 84-9

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Increase in HR and SV with Increasing CO

Figure 84-10
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Heat
heat production proportional to VO2
can increase as much as 20x damage at 106-108F, 41-42C
neurologic temp control center fails

treatment

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Fluid and Electrolytes

volume depletion venous return blood viscosity K depletion poor ability to conserve, low K diet impairs glycogen restoration reduces cardiac mechanical performance Na depletion rarely a problem with modern diet powerful Na conserving mechanisms

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Exercise Aids
Oral glucose Steroids Growth hormone Erythropoietin Amphetamines Caffeine Bicarb
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Training Effect on Maximum VO2

Figure 84-7
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VO2 max ml O /Kg/min

2

Females
Age 13-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 Very Poor <25.0 <23.6 <22.8 <21.0 <20.2 Poor 25.0 - 30.9 23.6 - 28.9 22.8 - 26.9 21.0 - 24.4 20.2 - 22.7 Fair 31.0 - 34.9 29.0 - 32.9 27.0 - 31.4 24.5 - 28.9 22.8 - 26.9 Good 35.0 - 38.9 33.0 - 36.9 31.5 - 35.6 29.0 - 32.8 27.0 - 31.4 Excellent 39.0 - 41.9 37.0 - 41.0 35.7 - 40.0 32.9 - 36.9 31.5 - 35.7 Superior >41.9 >41.0 >40.0 >36.9 >35.7

Males
Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior 13-19 <35.0 35.0-38.3 38.4-45.1 45.2-50.9 51.0-55.9 >55.9 20-29 <33.0 33.0-36.4 36.5-42.4 42.5-46.4 46.5-52.4 >52.4 30-39 <31.5 31.5-35.4 35.5-40.9 41.0-44.9 45.0-49.4 >49.4 40-49 <30.2 30.2-33.5 33.6-38.9 39.0-43.7 43.8-48.0 >48.0 50-59 <26.1 26.1-30.9 31.0-35.7 35.8-40.9 41.0-45.3 >45.3 60+ <20.5 20.5-26.0 26.1-32.2 32.3- 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2

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VO2 Max of Elite Athletes

Bjorn Daehlie Miguel Indurain John Ngugi Dave Bedford Steve Prefontaine Lance Armstrong Joan Benoit Bill Rodgers Sebastian Coe Grete Waitz Frank Shorter Derek Clayton 69.7 Cross country skier Cyclist (winner of Tour de France) 5 times world cross country champ 10km World Record holder 1 mile in 3:54.6 Cyclist (winner of Tour de France) Marathon runner (2:24:52) Marathon runner (2:09:27) Middle distance (1 mile WR) Marathon runner (WR 1980) Marathon runner Marathon runner (WR 1969) 90.0 88.0 85.0 85.0 84.4 84.0 78.6 78.5 77.0 73.0 71.0 69.7

Copyright 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.