Lecture 22 - Beam Deflection

November 20, 2001

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals

Serviceability
Deflection calculation
Moments and centroids



Deflection Control
Visual Appearance

( 25 ft. span 1.2 in. )
Damage to Non-structural Elements
- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows
(1.)
(2.)
Reasons to Limit Deflection
visible generally are *
250
1
l > o

Deflection Control
Disruption of function
- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
Damage to Structural Elements
- large os than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members modify
load paths)
(3.)
(4.)
Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) - min. thickness unless os are
computed
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection
Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs (no damageable nonstructural
elements supported)
Floors (no damageable nonstructural elements
supported)
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural
elements likely damaged by large os)
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural
elements not likely to be damaged by large os)
( )
180
inst LL
l
s A
( )
180
inst LL
l
s A
480
l
s A
240
l
s A
A deflection occurring after attachment of nonstructural elements
A
allow
Need to consider the specific structures function and
characteristics.
Moment of I nertia for Deflection Calculation
For (intermediate values of EI)
gt e cr
I I I s s
Brandon
derived
cr
a
a
cr
gt
a
a
cr
e
* 1 * I
M
M
I
M
M
I
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Cracking Moment =
Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
Modulus of rupture =
r
g r
y
I f
c
5 . 7 f
M
cr
=
I
gt
=
f
r
=
Moment of I nertia for Deflection Calculation
cr
a
a
cr
gt
a
a
cr
e
* 1 * I
M
M
I
M
M
I
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
maximum moment in member at loading stage for
which I
e
( o ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage
Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement
y
t
=
M
a
=
I
g
=
Moment of I nertia for Deflection Calculation
( )
3
a
cr
cr g cr e
cr
3
a
cr
gt
3
a
cr
e
or
* 1 *
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
M
M
I I I I
I
M
M
I
M
M
I
Moment Vs curvature plot
EI
M
EI
M
= = =
|
| slope
Moment Vs slope plot
The cracked beam starts to
lose strength as the amount
of cracking increase
Moment of I nertia
( ) psi 33
c
1.5
c c
f E e =
For w
c
= 90 to 155 lb/ft
3

( ) psi 57000
c c
f E =
For normal weight concrete
(ACI 8.5.1)
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous deflection under
service load
C - long time deflection under
service load
D and E - yielding of reinforcement
@ ends & midspan

Note: Stiffness (slope ) decreases as cracking progresses
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
The maximum moments for distributed load acting on an
indeterminate beam are given.

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
24
2
wl
M
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
For Continuous beams
ACI 9.5.2.4
ACI Com. 435
Weight Average
( ) ( )
( )
e2 1 e mid e avg e
25 . 0 50 . 0 I I I I + + =
( ) ( )
( )

+ + =
e2 1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 70 . 0
: continous ends 2
I I I I
( ) ( )
( )

+ =
1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 85 . 0
: continous end 1
I I I
( )
2 end @
1 end @
midspan @
e e2
e e1
e mid e
I I
I I
I I
=
=
=
Uncracked Transformed Section
Part (n) =E
j
/E
i
Area n*Area y
i
y
i
*(n)A
Concrete 1 b
w
*h b
w
*h 0.5*h 0.5*b
w
*h2
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)*A
s
*d
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)*A
s
*d

A n*
i
i
A n y

* *

=
*
i
*
i i
*
A
A y
y
Note: (n-1) is to remove area
of concrete
Uncracked Transformed Section
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


steel
2
s
2
s
concrete
2
3
gt
1 1
2 12
1
d y A n d y A n
h
x bh bh I +
'

'
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Note:
3
g
12
1
bh I =
Moment of inertia (doubly reinforced beam)
Cracked Transformed Section
0
2 2
s s
2
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( )
2
s
3
cr
12
1
y d nA y b I + =
Cracked Transformed Section
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2 2 1 2
s s s s
2
=
+
'

+
'

+
b
d nA A n
y
b
nA A n
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
s
3
cr
1
12
1
y d nA d y A n y b I +
'

'
+ =
Cracked Transformed Section

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

s
s
i
i i 2
nA y b
d nA
y
y b
A
A y
y
Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced
Rectangular Section
0
2 2
0
2
2
s s
2
s s
2
s s
2
= +
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
b
d nA
b
y nA
y
d nA y nA y
b
d nA
y
y b y nA y b
Solve for the quadratic for y
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2

2 1 2 2
s s
2
w e
w
s s w e
2
=
+
'
+

+
'
+
+
b
d nA A n t b b
y
b
nA A n b b t
y
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the moment of inertia for a
doubly reinforced T-Section
( )
( ) ( ) ( )



steel
2
s
2
s
beam
3
w
flange
2
e
3
e cr
1
3
1
2 12
1
y d nA d y A n
t y b
t
y t b y b I
+
'

'
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Sections
- Example
Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in,
b = 12 in d=2.5 in. and d=21.5 in. 2# 7 bars in
compression steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension
steel.
The material properties are f
c
=4000 psi and f
y
=
60 ksi.
Calculate the Deflections
(1) Instantaneous (immediate) deflections
(2) Sustained load deflection
Instantaneous Deflections
due to dead loads( unfactored) , live, etc.
Equations for calculating A
inst
for common cases
Calculate the Deflections
Instantaneous Deflections
Equations for calculating
A
inst
for common cases
Sustained Load Deflections
Creep causes an increase
in concrete strain
Curvature
increases

Compression steel
present
Increase in compressive
strains cause increase in
stress in compression
reinforcement (reduces
creep strain in concrete)
Helps limit this
effect.
Sustained Load Deflections
Sustain load deflection = A
i

Instantaneous deflection

'
+
=
50 1
ACI 9.5.2.5
bd
A
s
'
=
'

at midspan for simple and continuous beams

at support for cantilever beams
Sustained Load Deflections
= time dependent factor for sustained load
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months
1.4
1.2
1.0
2.0
Also see Figure 9.5.2.5 from ACI code
Sustained Load Deflections
For dead and live loads
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L.T. LL L.T. DL inst LL inst DL total
A + A + A + A = A
DL and LL may have different factors for
LT ( long term ) A calculations
( ) inst DL total
components N/S
of attachment after
total
A A = A
|
|
.
|

\
|
Sustained Load Deflections
The appropriate value of I
c
must be used to calculate
A at each load stage.
( )
( )
( ) ( )
LL and DL full -
given if DL of % some -
inst DL inst LL
inst DL
A + A
A
Serviceability Load Deflections -
Example