Summary

Summary - Passive Logs Caliper

Gamma Ray
Only some grs from clays SP Caused by mud/formation water salinity contrast Estimates Rw Applications Simple lithology

Shaliness/clays measurement
Correlation

Determination of Rw

Determination of Rw
Methods
1. Archies Equation if water zone is present.
Rwa Approach Resistivity - Porosity Cross plots

2. Laboratory Direct measurement of representative water sample. Chemical analysis of water sample. 3. SP log

Rwa Technique
Requirements:

1. Rw is constant 2. Lithology is constant 3. A water zone exists and is identifiable

Procedure: Rearrange Archies Equation

If in a water zone (Sw=100 %) , then

If in a HC zone , the F relationship is the same but the Rt will increase ; thus

Determination of Rw

SW critical = 57 % This value is assumed as no data available

Pickett Plot

Pickett Plot Example

Exercise_1
Rt 9.1 11.1 11.1 10 8 7.7 8 8 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.3 7.7 6.9 5 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.6 5 8.3

For the given data , use Pickett plot to estimate value of Rw. Assume a=0.62

Porosity 0.097 0.179 0.143 0.072 0.136 0.179 0.151 0.121 0.136 0.143 0.14 0.151 0.143 0.143 0.158 0.136 0.172 0.168 0.143 0.158 0.172 0.165 0.179 0.172 0.165 0.165 0.165 0.151 0.158 0.105

RESISTIVITY LOGS
LATEROLOG type logs(measure and record formation resistivity)

to be used in conductive drilling muds (e.g. salt wter muds)

most accurate in medium to high resistivity formations (Rt 50 ohm-m)

INDUCTION type logs(measure formation conductivity and record formation resistivity) to be used only in moderately conductive drilling, and non-conductive muds (e.g., oil base muds or fresh-water muds) or in empty or air-drilled holes

most accurate in low to medium resistivity formations (Rt 50 ohm-m)

Electrode Tool Principle

Electrode emits current I
Electrode A Green lines give current flow

Electrodes sense voltage V

Electrodes M and N Red lines show equipotential

Formation resistivity R
R = KV/I K is tool constant

Simple model ignores

Current flows up borehole Radial changes in R (invasion)

RESISTIVITY LOGS
Imaging logs Formation Micro Scanner --High resolution images of the formation using dense arrays of electrical sensors. --Give two 7cm wide images, oriented at right angles to each other. --The images are displayed in color and represent conductivity contrasts between the clay and rock matrix or within the matrix itself when there are fractures, porosity changes, grain size variations or bedding features. Major Applications: Fracture identification Analysis of thinly bedded formations Recognition of secondary porosity developments in carbonates Definition of depositional environments and Definition of sedimentary structures