Java

Language Basics
 Keywords
Keywords of Java are given below –
abstract continue for new
switch
assert*** default goto* package
synchronized
boolean do if private
this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum**** instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp** volatile
const* float native super while

•  * not used
• **  added in 1.2
Identifiers
 User defined names of variables,
constants, arrays, functions, classes
etc.
 Identifiers can be defined using the
combination of
 alphabets (a – z or A – Z)
 numbers (0 – 9) and
 underscore ( _ ).
Rules for naming Identifiers
 Any keyword should not be used as an
identifier.
 The name should consist of only
alphabets, numbers and underscore.
 First character should be any alphabet or
underscore.
 The name cannot start with a number.
 Lowercase and uppercase characters are
considered as different in C++.
Basic data Types
In Java data types can be classified
under four major categories
depending upon the space required
for storing data in the memory.
 Integers
 Floating Point Numbers
 Characters
 Boolean
Integers
 Integers are used to store whole
valued numbers.
 All of these are signed, positive or
negative values.
 Java does not support unsigned
integers.
 Java defines four integer types – byte,
short, int and long.
 Integers

Data Size in Range

Type Bytes

byte 1 -128 to 127

short 2 -32768 to 32767
int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Long 8 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
Floating Point Numbers
Floating point numbers are also known as
real numbers and are used to store
fractional precision values.
Java defines two types of floating point
types :
 float
 double
 Floating Point Numbers

Data Size in Range

Type Bytes

float 4 1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038

double 8 4.9e-324 to 1.8e+308

Characters
 char data type is used to store characters.
 char is a 16 bit type because Java uses
Unicode to represent characters instead of
ASCII.
 Unicode is a international character set having
representation of all the character set found in
the dozens of languages like English, Latin,
Greek, etc. Therefore to store a character
value in Java we require 2 bytes (16 bits). The
range of a character set is 0 to 65,536.
Booleans
 Booleans are used to store logical
values, i.e. true or false.
 Boolean data types are used to store the
values returned by the conditional
expressions, such as
i >= j.
Operators
Operators are used to perform any
arithmetic or logical operations on
given expressions.
The variables, constants, or values are
joined to build an expression.
The variables or constants on which
operator is applied are known as
operands.
An operator is applied to one or more
than one expression or operands to
get some value.
 Unary vs Binary Operator
Some operators need one operand and some
need two to operate. Unary operators
require one operand to yield result, while
binary operators require two operands to
operate.
For example, in the following expression –
40 – 20
We are using (–) as a binary operator
because it is operating on two operands, 40
and 20.
Let’s take another expression –
– 15

Java Operators
In Java, operators can be divided into
following categories –
 Increment and Decrement Operator
 Assignment Operator
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
Increment / Decrement Operator
The unary operator ++ and -- are used to
increment or decrement the value of any
variable by 1.
++ is the increment operator and –– is the
decrement operator.
These operators may be used either as
prefix or postfix notations.
In prefix notation, the value of the variable
is increased by 1 before the variable is
used.
In the postfix notation, the value of the
variable is increased by one after using
the variable.
Increment / Decrement Operator
For example, if i = 5, then in the following
expressions,
j = i++
k = ++i
In the first expression, the value of i will
be assigned to j and then incremented,
i.e.
j = 5 and i = 5.
In the second expression, the value of i
will be incremented first and then this
value will be assigned to k i.e.
i =5 and k = 5.
Assignment Operator
Assignment operator is used to assign a
value to any variable. In Java, “=” sign is
used as assignment operator.
For example, in the following expression –
a = 10
We can assign a single value to more than
one variable in a single expression –
a = b = c = 10;
Here, all the three variables, i.e. a, b and c
are assigned the value 10.
Assignment Operator
In Java, we should also assign a value to a
variable using compound assignment
operator. For example,
a = a + 10;
Above expression can also be written as,
a += 10;
Here, += is a compound assignment
operator.
Assignment Operator
Similarly we should used following
compound operators –
 a - = 10;
 a * = 10;
 a / = 10;
 a % = 10;
Arithmetic Operator

Arithmetic operators are used to perform

numeric calculations on the operands.
There are five arithmetic operators –
Operator Description Example

+ Addition a+b

- Subtraction a–b

* Multiplication a*b

/ Division a/b

% Modulus (returns the remainder after division) a%b

Example:
// Program to display the arithmetic operations
public class Calc {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 5, b =7, result = 0;
result = a + b;
System.out.println(“Sum = ” +
result);
result = a - b;
System.out.println(“Difference = ”
+ result);
result = a * b;
System.out.println(“Dividend = ” +
result);
result = a / b;
System.out.println(“Remainder = ”
+ result);
}
}
Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare
two values in the given expression to see
if they are equal or not. An expression
containing any relational operator is
called relational expression and they
produce 0 or 1 as result. If the given
expression is true it returns 1 and if the
expression is false then it return 0.
Relational Operators

Operator Description Example

< Less than a<b
> Greater than a>b
== Equal to a==b
!= Not equal to a!=b
<= Less than or equal to a <= b
>= Greater than or equal to a >= b
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine
and evaluate two or more expressions.
These operators produce 0 or 1 as
result.
The logical operator
Operator Description table is Example
given below
–
&& AND (a = = 5) && (b > a)

|| OR (a = = 5) || (b > a)

! NOT ! (a = = 5)
Expressions
Combination of operands and
operators
 Arithmetic expression

a = b + 10;
 Relational expression

a <= b
 Logical expression

a<=8 && b>=8

Type Casting
 Type Casting  refers to changing
an entity of one data type into
another. This is important for the
type conversion in developing
any application. If you will store
a int value into a byte variable
directly, this will be illegal
operation. For storing your
calculated int value in a byte
variable you will have to change
the type of resultant data which
// Program to display Type Casting
import java.io.*;
public class Type
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10, f=65;
byte b, e=65;
char c='A';
b = (byte) a; // ------------------ from int
to byte
a = (int) c; // ------------------ from
char to int
char d = (char) f; // ------------------ from int
to char
System.out.println(b);
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(d);
}