BIOLOGY F5

Importance of Having a Transport System in Some Multicellular Organisms Concept of Circulatory System

 THE IMPORTANCE OF HAVING A TRANSPORT SYSTEM INMULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Every living organism constantly needs the exchange of substances such as nutrients, waste products, and respiratory gases with the environment in order to survive and grow The exchange of substances between the organism and its environment usually takes place through diffusion. The exchange of substances occurs rapidly if: (a) the surface area of the organism in contact with the environment is large (b) the volume of the organism is small (c) the total surface area/volume ratio (TSA/V) of the organism is large (d) the distance between the source of the substances and the body cells is near (e) a high concentration gradient is maintained between the source and the body cells

TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME Unicellular organisms such as Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. obtain substances via diffusion through the cell surface. They do not face any problem in obtaining their cellular requirements via diffusion because the volume of the body is small ( the total surface area/volume ratio is very high. Therefore, nutrients and oxygen can diffuse through the cell surface to reach the inside of the cell easily. Similarly, waste products can be rapidly removed from the cell through simple diffusion. However, in large multicellular organism diffusion alone cannot ensure a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cells because: (a) the total surface area/volume ratio of the organisms is too small. (b) the distance between the source of substances and the cells of the organisms is too far from the environment for a direct exchange to take place effectively. Therefore, multicellular organisms need to overcome the problem of obtaining their cellular requirements and in getting rid of the waste product They overcome this problem by having a circulatory system to carry out (a) the distribution of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body (b) the removal of waste products form the body

 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system (a) delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells (b) carries waste products away from the cells(c) protects the body from infections The circulatory system has three major components. (a) The blood is a type of connective tissue made up of plasma, blood cells and platelets. Blood acts as a medium of transport. (b) The heart functions as a muscular pump that circulates the blood throughout the body. (c) The blood vessels are vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins that are connected to the heart to deliver blood to all body tissues

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH Blood is the medium of transport in humans and animals. In many invertebrates such as insects, the medium of transport is called the haemolymph. The haemolymph is a blood-like nutritive fluid which fills the entire body cavity(haemocoel) and surrounds all cells BLOOD: TRANSPORTATION, REGULATION AND PROTECTION. Blood transports (a) oxygen from the lungs to the cell of whole body, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.(b) nutrients, hormones and antibodies throughout the body.(c) waste products away from the cell to the organs of the excretory system Blood regulates (a) the pH of body fluids(b) the body temperature(c) the water content of cells Blood protects (a) from excessive blood loss in an injury through the mechanism of blood clotting It helps to heal wounds.(b) from diseases and helps to fight against infections, for example, white blood cell carry out phagocytosis and producesvantibodies to destroy pathogens which enter the body FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH Haemolymph transports water, inorganic salts and organic compounds throughout the haemocoel. Unlike blood, haemolymph does not transport respiratory gases

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system (a) delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells(b) carries waste products away from the cells(c) protects the body from infections The circulatory system has three major components. (a) The blood is a type of connective tissue made up of plasma, blood cells and platelets. Blood acts as a medium of transport. (b) The heart functions as a muscular pump that circulates the blood throughout the body. (c) The blood vessels are vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins that are connected to the heart to deliver blood to all body tissues

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH Blood is the medium of transport in humans and animals. In many invertebrates such as insects, the medium of transport is called the haemolymph. The haemolymph is a blood-like nutritive fluid which fills the entire body cavity(haemocoel) and surrounds all cells BLOOD: TRANSPORTATION, REGULATION AND PROTECTION. Blood transports (a) oxygen from the lungs to the cell of whole body, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. (b) nutrients, hormones and antibodies throughout the body.(c) waste products away from the cell to the organs of the excretory system Blood regulates (a) the pH of body fluids (b) the body temperature (c) the water content of cells
Blood protects (a) from excessive blood loss in an injury through the mechanism of blood clotting It helps to heal wounds.(b) from diseases and helps to fight against infections, for example, white blood cell carry out phagocytosis and producesvantibodies to destroy pathogens which enter the body FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH Haemolymph transports water, inorganic salts and organic compounds throughout the haemocoel. Unlike blood, haemolymph does not transport respiratory gases

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD Human blood is made up of 55% plasma 45% cellular components

Water:about 90% of plasma 1. Red blood cell(erythrocyte)10% of..: 2.White blood cell(leucoc yte)>Ion 3. Platelet >Plasma protein >Fibrinogen>Immunoglobins>Hormones>Dissolves subtance
Blood plasma CONSTITUTION FUNCTIONWater: A solvent to transport dissolved substances such asabout 90% of the plas ma glucose and amino acidsIon: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride Mantain the osmotic balance and the Ph of the blood atand bicarbonate ions 7.4Plasma protein: Collectively, the plasma proteins maintain the o smotic ALBUMIM balance between the blood and the interstitial fluid. They also act as buffers against any pH changes and provide a defense against injuries and diseases

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