PAMAS: Power Aware Multi-Access protocol with Signalling for Ad-Hoc Networks

AUTHORS SURESH SINGH C . S . R A G H AV E N D R A

PRESENTED BY
M A N A L I PAT N A I K MT2012077

INDEX
Objective Ad-hoc networks The MACA protocol The PAMAS protocol Powering off radios Effect of powering off on delay & throughput Power conserving behavior of PAMAS Theorems Enhancements to PAMAS Conclusion disadvantages

OBJECTIVE
A new multi-access protocol for ad-hoc radio

networks PAMAS = MACA protocol + signalling channel Conserves battery power at nodes by intelligently powering off nodes that are not actively transmitting/receiving pkts. Delay & Throughput characteristics of PAMAS

AD-HOC NETWORKS
Multi-hop wireless networks where all nodes cooperatively

maintain network connectivity.

Transmission from one node to another is potentially

overheard by all neighbors of the transmitting node, thus all these nodes consume power even though packet transmission was not directed at them!

Hidden terminal problem

MACA Protocol
Whenever a node wishes to transmit a packet to a

neighbor, it first transmits a RTS message. The receiver responds with a CTS message. Upon receiving the CTS message, the sender begins transmitting the packet.

The PAMAS protocol

Salient Features: PAMAS conserves battery power by selectively powering off nodes that are not actively transmitting or receiving packets. MACA protocol + separate signalling channel RTS/CTS signalling channel Packet transmission- data channel signalling channel when and for how long nodes can power themselves off.

Powering Off Radios - 1

If a node has no packets to transmit, it should power itself off if a neighbor node begins transmitting.
If at least one of the neighboring nodes is transmitting and

another is receiving, the node ought to power off because it cannot transmit or receive a packet. (even if transmit queue is non empty)
Each node makes the decision to power off independently. Neighbor transmitting hear over data channel. Neighbor receiving hear busy tone by receiver.

Powering Off Radios - 2

For how long is a node powered off ?

Probing.

What happens if a neighbor wishes to transmit a pkt

to a node that has powered off itself ?

Powered off - RTS unanswered -> BEB. Powered on No response to RTS as neighbor transmitting.

Packet delays do not increase as a result of powering

off nodes.

period of time node is powered off it can neither receive/transmit pkts.

Effect of Powering Off on Delay & Throughput

Packet delays do not increase as a result of powering

off nodes.
The length of time the radio is powered off should be

no longer than necessary

Power conserving behavior of PAMAS- 1

Simulations:
Random Network Topology Line topology Fully connected network topology Densely connected networks -> most power savings If 1 node transmits most of its neighbors can power off. Sparse networks -> least power savings. fewer nodes can power off because more simultaneous transmissions are possible.

Power conserving behavior of PAMAS- 2

Assumptions: Network size 10 to 20 nodes Traffic arrived at each node Poisson process Transmit Queue FIFO buffer (size= 2n, n- #nodes) Packet size 512B RTS/CTS 32B each Busy Tone 64B Bandwidth 12.8 Kbps (to keep simulations small) Units of energy consumed: Idle (powered on but not hearing transmissions) - 0 Transmitting - 1 Receiving 0.5

Power conserving behavior of PAMAS- 3

Energy expended per packet :

Energy expended on using power conservation:

Power Savings:

Lambda function of load (pkts/sec/node)

Observations:1. Power consumption reduced by 50% at high loads & even more at low loads. 2. Power saved at low loads higher for network with more nodes. Best Case performance of PAMAS

Power saved in complete/fully connected networks with 10 or 20 nodes.

Observations:-

1. Power saving is 20% at light loads to less than 10% at heavy loads.

Power saved in line networks with 10 or 20 nodes.

Observations:1. Power saved as a function of edge probability. 2. Power saving increases as network connectivity increases.

3. Sparse Network Light loads: 20% - 30% High loads: 10% 4. Dense Network Light loads: 60% - 70% High loads: 30% - 40%

Power saved in random networks with 10 nodes.

Power saved in random networks with 20 nodes.

Theorems - 1
In a Line Topology with uniform traffic the amount

for energy saving due to PAMAS for large n, under

light load conditions is 20%. heavy load conditions, is bounded by 15% without control overhead and by 12.5% with control overhead.

If the average number of neighbors of a transmitting

node is d then the approximate amount of power savings (under light load conditions) is given by

Theorems - 2
The average power savings (under heavy load

conditions) in random graphs with an edge probability p is,

where is the average value of the number of simultaneous transmitters in a random graph with an edge probability of p.

Theorems - 3
Power Saving for mobile Ad-Hoc networks: Network topology changes constantly. Under light load conditions, as n -> , the power savings is bounded by 75%.
Under heavy load conditions, the power savings is

bounded by about 30% to 40% for n ranging from 10 to 20.

Enhancements to PAMAS
Receiver transmits ACK when packet received correctly MACAW

Sender does not receive ACK, sends RTS with same pkt no., receiver replies with ACK instead of CTS. Allow node to transmit multiple packets if it has acquired channel increase delay, reduce time in channel access. RTS/CTS/Busy tone - total length of transmission. Power off data interface when signalling interface is trying to acquire channel. Support for Broadcast.

Support for Broadcasting

RTS/CTS meaningless Tx hears noise.
Tx sends RTS_B

Only if no neighbor is transmitting/scheduled to transmit. Node receiving another transmission- busy tone. Others do not respond. Broadcast message no response in 1 RTT + processing delay.

Problem: Broadcast may collide with another transmission at some receiver. - NACK_B - Power saving by using unique id. For RTS_B.

Conclusion
PAMAS has good power conserving behavior.

10% - sparsely connected network. 70% - fully connected network.

Power saving does not affect the delay or throughput of basic protocol. Similar power awareness can be used in other multi access protocols. (eg:

FAMA, MACA, MACAW, MACA/PR)

Power-aware routing protocols needed

PAMAS has no idea about the entire pkt transmission path. high power-consuming route, the savings by PAMAS might be sacrificed.

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