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Chapter 4
Outline
Energy Flow in Living Things Laws of Thermodynamics Free Energy Activation Energy Enzymes Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Kinetic Energy - Energy of motion. Potential Energy - Stored energy due to an Kilocalorie (1,000 calories)
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation - Atom or molecule loses an electron. Reduction - Atom or molecule gains an electron.
Always take place together.
Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law - Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change from one form to another.
Laws of Thermodynamics
Entropy increases.
Free Energy
Free Energy of a molecule is the amount of energy actually available to break and subsequently form other chemical bonds.
G = Gibbs Free Energy H = Energy contained in bonds S = Energy unavailable due to entropy T = Absolute Temperature
Free Energy
Endergonic Reaction - Requires energy input. Exergonic Reaction - Occurs spontaneously and releases excess free energy.
Activation Energy
Activation Energy is the energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction.
Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzyme Forms
Multienzyme Complexes
Temperature
pH
Allosteric Site
ATP
Composed of:
Energy Storage
ATP
Biochemical Pathways
Biochemical Pathways - Products of one reaction becomes substrate for the next.
Biochemical Pathways
Evolution of Metabolism
Degradation Glycolysis Anaerobic Photosynthesis Nitrogen Fixation Oxygen-Forming Photosynthesis Aerobic Photosynthesis