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BIOCATALYSIS

Chapter 4

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Outline

Energy Flow in Living Things Laws of Thermodynamics Free Energy Activation Energy Enzymes Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Energy Flow in Living Things

Energy - Capacity to perform work.


objects relative position.

Kinetic Energy - Energy of motion. Potential Energy - Stored energy due to an Kilocalorie (1,000 calories)

Thermodynamics - Study of energy.

Calorie - Heat required to raise temperature of one


gram of water one degree Celsius.

Energy Flow in Living Things

Oxidation-Reduction

During a chemical reaction, the energy stored


in chemical bonds may transfer to new bonds.

Oxidation - Atom or molecule loses an electron. Reduction - Atom or molecule gains an electron.
Always take place together.

Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law - Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change from one form to another.

Total amount of energy in the universe


remains constant.
into the environment as heat.
environment.

During energy conversion, some energy dissipates


Energy flows one-way from the sun through the

Laws of Thermodynamics

Second Law - Entropy in the universe is continuously increasing.

Entropy increases.

Free Energy

Free Energy of a molecule is the amount of energy actually available to break and subsequently form other chemical bonds.

Gibbs Free Energy : G=H-TS

G = Gibbs Free Energy H = Energy contained in bonds S = Energy unavailable due to entropy T = Absolute Temperature

Free Energy

Endergonic Reaction - Requires energy input. Exergonic Reaction - Occurs spontaneously and releases excess free energy.

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Activation Energy

Activation Energy is the energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction.

Rate of exergonic reaction depends on


activation energy necessary to begin.
activation energy.

Catalysis - Process of lowering necessary

Activation Energy and Catalysis

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Enzymes

Enzymes carry out most catalysis in living organisms.

Unique three-dimensional shape of an


to form.

enzyme enables it to stabilize a temporary association between substrates.

Lowers activation energy necessary for new bonds

Enzymes

How Enzymes Work

Most enzymes are globular proteins with one


or more active sites for substrates to bind.
shaped for an induced fit.

Substrate binding induces enzyme to adjust its

Enzyme Catalytic Cycle

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Enzymes

Enzyme Forms

Multienzyme Complexes

Enzymes catalyzing different steps of a sequence


are loosely associated with one another.

Increase catalytic efficiency. Not all Biological Catalysts are Proteins.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature

Rate increase with temperature up to


temperature optimum.

pH

Changing concentration of hydrogen ions


shifts the balance between positively and negatively charged amino acid residues.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Inhibitors and Activators

Inhibitors - Decrease enzyme activity.

Competitive - Compete with substrate for same


binding site. Noncompetitive - Bind to enzyme in other location, altering shape.

Activators - Bind to allosteric sites and keep


enzymes in active configurations.

Allosteric Site

Increase enzyme activity.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Enzyme Cofactors - Enzyme function assisted by additional chemical components.


serves as cofactor.

Coenzyme - Nonprotein organic molecule

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (energy currency)

Composed of:

Energy Storage

Five-carbon sugar (ribose) Adenine Triphosphate group


Phosphate groups are highly negatively charged.
Unstable bonds easily broken.

ATP

Cells use ATP to drive endergonic reactions.

Instability makes ATP ideal for short-term


energy source, but a poor candidate for longterm energy storage.

Biochemical Pathways

Metabolism - Total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism.

Anabolism - Expend energy to make chemical


bonds. Catabolism - Harvest energy when chemical bonds are broken.

Biochemical Pathways - Products of one reaction becomes substrate for the next.

Regulated by feedback inhibition.

Biochemical Pathways

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Evolution of Metabolism

Degradation Glycolysis Anaerobic Photosynthesis Nitrogen Fixation Oxygen-Forming Photosynthesis Aerobic Photosynthesis

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