Rectifier Analysis

Unit 5.2

Characteristics of Rectifier circuits

Output Waveform

Pulsating or constant voltage Effect of load current on load voltage Converting AC power into DC

Output voltage regulation

Rectifier Efficiency

Rectifier rating

Peak value of current & PIV

The amount of AC content in the DC output

Ripple Factor

Source Voltage

Half wave rectifier

t

es

PIV
Load Voltage

eL

Average Voltage

EDC

t
0 2 3 4 5

Average DC Load Current IDC

For Half-wave Rectifier

IDC =

1 2 1 2

I dt
L

I
0

Sin wt dt

Im [ - Cos wt] = 2 0

= =

-Im [ - 1 - 1]

2
Im

Average DC Load Voltage EDC

For Half-wave Rectifier

EDC = IDC x RL = =
Im

Esm

x RL
x RL
Esm

where
Rf = forward resistance of diode RL = Load resistance Rs = Resistance of sec. winding

=
= =

(Rf +RL +Rs) Em

x RL

RL
Em

x RL

As RL >> Rf & Rs

RMS value of Load Current IRMS

For Half-wave Rectifier

IRMS =

1 2 1 2 0

I
0
2

L2

dt

Im Sin t dt
2

Im2 2 0

(1- Cos2 2t) dt

Im2{[wt] - Sin 2t]} 4 0 2

Im2 [ - 0] = 4

Im

Rectifier Efficiency
For Half-wave Rectifier

= = = =

DC output power AC input power IDC2 RL IRMS2RL

[Im / ]2
[Im /2] 2 Im2 / 2 Im2 / 22 4

2 = 40.6 %

Ripple Factor
(IRMS)2 = (Iac)2 + (IDC)2 (Iac) = (IRMS - (IDC)
2

= = =

RMS

ac output

DC output

(IRMS)2 - (IDC)2

)2

(IDC)2

[ ] [ ] [ ]
Im
2
2

Im
2

Im

1 4 1 2

1 2

2
4

= 1.211

Transformer Utilization Factor (T.U.F.)

TUF

DC output power AC input power IDC2 RL ERMS IRMS

[ ]
=
Im 2

RL

Im RL Im 2

2 2

= 28.7 %

Voltage Regulation
(Vdc)NL =
(Vdc)FL
Esm

(Vdc)NL - (Vdc)FL

R=
Esm

(Vdc)FL

Esm

.
RL

RL (Rf +RL +Rs)

Esm

= IDC x RL =
Esm (Rf +RL +Rs)

x RL

1=

(Rf +RL +Rs) RL (Rf +RL +Rs) RL

= =

(Rf +RL +Rs) Rf + Rs RL Rf RL

As

Rs<< Rf

Problem
A HW rectifier is supplied from a 230V 50Hz supply with a step down ratio 3:1 to a resistive load of 10K. Forward resistance of the diode is 75 while transformer secondary resistance is 10. Draw the circuit diagram and calculate maximum, average, RMS values of current, DC output voltage,

efficiency of rectification & ripple factor

D1
3:1 75 230 V 10 10 K

+ _

Es = =

Ns
Np 1 3

x Ep
x 230

Esm = 2 = 2

Es

76.7

= 76.67 V

= 108.42 V

Ism = =

Esm (Rf +RL +Rs)

IRMS

= =

Im 2 10.75

108.42
10 + 75 + 10000

= 5.38 mA EDC = IDC x RL = 3.42 x 10 = 34.2 V PDC = EDC x IDC = 34.2 x .00342 = 0.1171 W

= 10.75 mA Iav = IDC = =

10.75 Im

= 3.42 mA

PAC

= IRMS2 x (Rf +RL +Rs)

= .00542 x 10085

= 0.291 W

PDC PAC

= =

x 100 x 100

0.1171 0.291

= 40.19 % = 1.21 Constant for a HW Rectifier

Drawback of a HWR
Ripple Factor (1.21) quite high
Max theoretical efficiency is 40% TUF is low

DC flowing through the secondary may cause DC saturation

Problem
Assuming ideal diode, calculate the DC output voltage for the circuit given below. Repeat the sum if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon diode. Neglect the forward resistance of diode.
D1

+ 15 V

+ _
RL = 1 K

- 15 V

Max AC input voltage

A.

DC output voltage =
= - 15

= - 4.77 V

Max AC input voltage

B. DC output voltage = - (15 0.7)

=
= - 4.55 V

Source Voltage

Full wave rectifier

t

es

PIV
Load Voltage

eL

Average Voltage

EDC

t
0

Average DC Load Current IDC

For Full-wave Rectifier
2

Iav =

1 2 2 2 2Im

I
0

dt

Im Sin wt dt
0 [ - Cos wt]

= 2 =
2
2Im

-2Im [ - 1 - 1]

Average DC Load Voltage EDC

For Full-wave Rectifier

EDC = IDC x RL = =
2Im

2Esm

x RL
x RL
2Esm

where
Rf = forward resistance of diode RL = Load resistance Rs = Resistance of sec. winding

=
= =

(Rf +RL +Rs) 2Em

x RL

RL
2Em

x RL

RMS Load Current

For Full-wave Rectifier

IRMS =

2
2 2 0

I
0
2

L2

dt

IRMS

Im Sin t dt
2

Im2 (1- Cos 2t) dt 2 0 Im2{[wt] - Sin 2t]} 2 0 2

Im2 [ - 0] = 2 Im

Rectifier Efficiency
For Full-wave Rectifier

=
= = =

DC output power AC input power IDC2 RL IRMS2 RL [2Im / ]2 [Im / 2] 2 4 Im2 / 2

Im2 / 2 8

2 = 81.2 %

Ripple Factor
For Full-wave Rectifier

DC

power

AC power

=
=

(IRMS)2 __ (IDC)2 (IDC)2

[ ] [ ] [ ]
Im 2
2

2Im
2

2Im

1 2 4 2

4 2

2
8

= .48

Transformer Utilization Factor (T.U.F.)

For Full-wave Rectifier
TUF

=
=

DC output power AC input power IDC2 RL

ERMS IRMS

[ ]
=
2Im

RL

Im RL Im 2 4x2 2

2
8

2 = 81.2 %

Voltage Regulation
For Full-wave Rectifier

(Vdc)NL - (Vdc)FL

R=

(Vdc)FL
2Esm

(Vdc)NL =

2Esm

2Esm

.
RL

RL (Rf +RL +Rs)

=
2Esm

(Vdc)FL = IDC x RL

2Esm

(Rf +RL +Rs)

(Rf +RL +Rs)

x RL
= = =

(Rf +RL +Rs) - RL RL Rf + Rs RL Rf RL

As

Rs<< Rf

Problem
A FW rectifier circuit is fed from a transformer having a centre-tapped secondary. The voltage at either end of the secondary is 30 V If the diode forward resistance is 2 & the resistance of the secondary winding is 16 for a load of 1 K, calculate Power delivered to

the load, % Regulation at full load, Efficiency

& TUF

Answer
Power delivered to the load = 0.715 W
Regulation Efficiency TUF = 0.97 % = 80.2 % = 0.802

Problem
For a FW rectifier a sinusoidal voltage V is applied.

If the max allowable average DC in each diode is 1 A Calculate the max allowable peak-peak voltage
Assume identical diodes with negligible forward resistance Load resistance is 100

Answer
Max IDC for each diode = 1 A Ave IDC for each diode = That is
Im

Vsm

=1A =1A

RL

Or
Or Or

Vsm

=R

= 100 =314 V
Vpp = 2 x Vm

Or

= 628 V

Comparison
DC Load current Ripple Frequency Filter Cap required Transformer DC loss DC power output Efficiency Ripple Factor Half Wave I f Large value High P more Full Wave 2I 2f Less value Less 4P 2 less

Advantage of Bridge Rectifier

IDC & IRMS are same as that of Full Wave circuit Full secondary winding is used Centre-tap is not required Transformer is optional Reduced transformer losses & saturation effect as current flows in both directions in secondary Better utilization of transformer PIV for diode is less, as 2 diodes are in series

Comparison
No. of diodes Ave DC IDC RMS current DC Power o/p AC Power i/p Max Efficiency Ripple factor Half wave 1 Im / Im / 2 Im2 RL / 2 Im2RL / 4 40.6 % Full wave Bridge 2 4 2Im / 2Im / Im / 2 Im / 2 4Im2 RL / 2 4Im2 RL / 2 Im2RL / 2 Im2RL / 2 81.2 % 81.2 %

1.21

0.482

0.482

Problem
The diodes in a bridge rectifier circuit have a forward resistance of 0.1 each

They feed a DC of 10 A to a resistive load from 30 V AC supply

Determine

The load resistance value The circuit efficiency

Note: total resistance R = 2Rf +Rs + RL Answer: RL= 2.5 E = 75,05 %

Problem
A 5 K load is fed from a bridge rectifier connected across the secondary of a 2:1 transformer connected to 460 V 50 Hz supply Calculate

The dc load current The dc load voltage Ripple voltage PIV rating of the diode

Answer: IDC= 41.41 mA Vr = 99.8 V

EDC = 41.41 PIV = 325.27

Problem
A 10 mA DC meter whose resistance is 20 is calibrated to read AC RMS volts when used in a bridge rectifier with ideal diodes

The sinusoidal input voltage is applied in series with a 15 K resistor Calculate the full scale RMS voltage that can be measured

15 K

20

IDC =

2 Esm (R + Rm )

Esm = 0.5 IDC (R + Rm ) = 0.5 x 0.01 (20 + 15000 ) = 235.9 V

ERMS = 0.707 Esm = 166.83

End of Unit 5.2