Introduction To C++

Programming Language

LECTURE
What is C++
 C++ is a high-level language and it
is evolved from C over a period of
several years starting in 1980.
 The standard for C++ was jointly

developed by the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) and the
International Standards Organization
(ISO).
 a set of rules, symbols, and special

words used to construct a computer

Structure of a C++ Program

Figure 3.1 Structure of a C++ Program

A Typical C++ Program
// A typical C++ Program
Comment

# include <header files> Preprocessor Directive

using namespace std;
# define PI 3.142

int Integer;
Global Declaration
int main ( )
{
Local declaration
double radius, area;

radius = 7; Main
area = radius * radius * PI; Statements function
return 0;
}
Character Set
 C++ is composed of character set :
 Number : 0 to 9
 Alphabetical : a to z and A to Z
 Spacing
 Special Character :
 , . : ; ? ! ( ) {} “ ‘ + - * / = > < # % & ^ ~ | /
_
Token
 Token : combination of the
characters in C++
 Categorised into:
 Identifiers
 Reserved words/keywords
 Constants
 Literal String
 Punctuators
 Operators
 Identifiers
 Allows programmers to name data and other
objects in the program-variable, constant, function
etc.
 Can use any capital letter A through Z, lowercase
letters a through z, digits 0 through 9 and also
underscore ( _ )
 Rules for identifier
 The first character must be alphabetic character
or underscore
 It must consists only of alphabetic characters,
digits and underscores, cannot contain spaces
 It cannot duplicate any reserved word
 C++ is case-sensitive; this means that CASE,
Case, case, and CaSe are four completely different
Valid and Invalid Identifiers
Valid names Invalid names

A  $sum // $ is illegal
 student_name  2names // can’t start with

 _aSystemNam 2
e  stdnt Nmbr // can’t have

 pi space
 al  int // reserved word

 stdntNm

 _anthrSysNm

 PI
Reserved word/Keywords
 A word that has special meaning in
C++.
 Keywords cannot be used to name

identifiers.
Constant
 Data values that cannot be changed
during the execution of a program
 Types of constant:

 Literals
constant
 Defined constants

 Declared constants
Literals Constant
 If the data cannot be changed, we can
simply code the data value itself in a
statement 0.10 is a literal
constant
Eg: discount = 0.10 ;
 Categorised into:
 Integer Numerals ( eg: 178, -9, 0113, 0x4b)
 Floating-Point Numerals (eg:
3.14159,6.02e23,1.6e-19 ,3.0
 Characters ( eg: ‘A’, ‘p’)
 Strings ( eg; “Hello World”)

 Boolean (eg: true , false).

Defined Constant (#define)
 Use the #define preprocessor directive
 Format: #define identifier value
 Eg : #define EPF_RATE 0.11
 Placed at the beginning of the program
#include <header files>
using namespace std;
#define EPF_RATE 3.142

int main()
{
……;
nett = salary – ( salary * EPF_RATE);
………;
}
Declared Constants

se a type const qualifier to indicate that data

cannot be changed and to fix the contents of
the memory location

g: const float
#include <headerpi = 3.1416;
files>
using namespace std;
#define EPF_RATE 3.142
eclared inside a function
int main()
{
const double socso_rate = 0.05;
nett = salary – ( salary * EPF_RATE * socso_rate);
………;
}
Data Types in C++
 Type defines a set of value and
operations that can be applied on
those values

 Set of values for each type is known

as the domain for the type

 Functions also have types which is

determined by the data it returns
Data Types
 Standard
 They serves as the basic building
blocks for derived types (complex
structures that are built using the
standard types

 Serves as the basic building blocks

for derived types
Data Types
 Derived
Data Type : Void
 Typed as void
 Has no values and operations
 Both set of values are empty
 Usually used in functions
 Eg: void printSum()
Data Type : Char
 Used to hold characters or very small
integer values
 Usually 1 byte of memory
 CODE:
char letter;
letter = 'C';
Data Type : Integer
 Coded as int
 A number without a fraction part
 C++ supports three different sizes of
integer
 short int
 int
 long int
 Can be signed and unsigned
Data Type : Integer
Type Byte Size Minimum Maximum Value
Value

short int 2 -32,768 32,767

unsigned short int 2 0 65,535

int 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647

unsigned int 4 0 4,294,967,295

long int 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 0 4,294,967,295

Data Type : Float
 A number with fractional part such as 43.32, -
2.33
 C++ supports three types of float
 float

 double

 long float
 Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
 Can be represented in
 Fixed point (decimal) notation:

31.4159 0.0000625
 E notation:

3.14159E1 6.25e-5
Data Type Float
 Are double by default
 Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or
long double (0.0000625L)
 All floating-point numbers are signed
Type Byte Size Precision Range

float 4 7 10-37 ..1038

double 8 15 10-307 ..10308

long double 8 15 10-307 ..10308

Data Type : Boolean
 Represents values that are true or
false
 bool variables are stored as small
integers
 false is represented by 0, true by 1:
allDone finished
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false; 0
Variables
 A storage location in memory whose contents
can change while program is running
 Has an identifier and a type of data it can hold
 Variable declaration syntax :
type identifier [= initial_value]
eg : int itemsOrdered;

To hold the number of items

ordered.

 A variable name should represent the purpose of

the variable.
Variables
Variables Initialization
 To initialize a variable means to assign it
a value when it is declared:
int length = 12;

 Can initialize some or all variables:

int length = 12, width = 5, area;
Variables Assignment
 An assignment statement uses the =
operator to store a value in a variable.
item = 12;
 This statement assigns the value 12 to the
item variable.
 The variable receiving the value must
appear on the left side of the = operator.
 This will NOT work:
// ERROR!
12 = item;
Variables Scope
 The scope of a variable: the part of the program
in which the variable can be accessed
 A variable cannot be used before it is defined
Variables Scope

Global Variables

Local Variable

Local Variable
Variables Scope
 Global scope
a global variable is a variable declared in
the main body of the source code, outside
all functions
 Global variables can be referred from
anywhere in the code, even inside
functions, whenever it is after its
declaration.
 Local Scope
alocal variable is one declared within the
body of a function or a block.
Operators
 C ++ uses a set of built in operators ( Eg : +,
-, / etc).
 Four classes of operators :
 Arithmetic

 Relational

 Logical

 Assignment
Arithmetic Operators
 Assume int a=4, b= 5, d;
C++ Arithmetic C++ Value of d
Operation Operator Expression after
assignment
Addition + d=a+b 9

Substraction - d=b-2 3

Multiplication * d=a*b 20

Division / d = a/2 2

Modulus % d = b%3 2
Assignment Operators
 Assume x=4, y=5, z=8;
Assignment Sample Similar Value of variable
Operator Expression Expression after assignment

+= x += 5 x=x+5 x=9

-= y -= x y=y-x y=1

*= x *= z x = x*z x=32

/= z /=2 z = z/2 z=4

%= y %=x y = y%x y=1

Relational & Equality
Operators
 Assume y = 6, x =5
Relational Operators Sample Expression Value

> y>x T
< y<2 F
>= x >= 3 T
<= y <= x F

Equality Operators Sample Expression Value

== x == 5 T

!= y !=6 F
Logical Operators
Logical Operators Called Sample Operation

&& AND expression1 && expression 2

|| OR expression1 | | expression2

! NOT !expression

Example :Assume int x = 50

expression !expression Sample Expression

F T !(x == 60)

T F !(x != 60)
Logical Operators
 Assume x=4, y=5, z=8
expression1 expression2 expression1 && Sample Expression
expression2

F F F ( y > 10) && ( z <=x )

F T F ( z <= y) && ( x == 4)

T F F ( y != z) && ( z < x )

T T T ( z >= y ) && ( x != 3 )
 Increment and Decrement
Operators
Operator Called Sample Similar Explanation
Expression Expression

++ preincrement ++a a = a +1 Increment a by 1, then use

the new value of a in
a += 1 expression in which a reside

++ postincrement a++ a = a +1 Use the current value of a in

the expression which a
a += 1 reside, then increment a by
1
-- predecrement --a a = a -1 Decrement a by 1, then use
the new value of a in
a -= 1 expression in which a reside

-- postdecrement a-- a = a -1 Use the current value of a in

the expression which a
a -= 1 reside, then decrement a by
1
Operator Precedence
Operators Associative
() Left to right
++ - - + - ! Right to left
* / % Left to right
+ - Left to right
< <= > >= Left to right
= = != Left to right
&& Left to right
|| Left to right
*= += - = /= %= Right to left
Operator Precedence
Example 1: Example 2:
int a=10, b=20, c=15, d=8; int a=15, b=6, c=5, d=4;
a*b/(-c*31%13)*d d *= ++b – a/3 + c
a*b/(-15*31%13)*d • d *= ++b – a/3+ c
a*b/(-465%13)*d • d*=7- a/3+c
a*b/(-10)*d • d*=7- 5+c
200/(-10)*d • d*=2 + c
-20*d • d*= 7
-160 • d = d*7
• d = 28
 Example of a program

// Operating with variables

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
//variables declaration
int no1;
int no2;
int value_div; Output :
int value_mod;
Enter two integral numbers : 10 6
cout << “Enter two integral numbers:”; 10 / 6 is 1 with a remainder of 4
cin >> no1 >> no2;
value_div= no1 / no2;

cout << no1 << “ / ” << no2 << “ is ” <<

value_div;

value_mod = no1 % no2;

cout << “ with a remainder of ” <<
value_mod
<< endl;
return 0;
}
/*Evaluate two complex expression*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{
int a =3, b=4, c = 5, x, y;
cout << “Initial values of the variables:\n”;
cout << “a = “ << a<< “ b = “ << b <<“ c = “ Output :
<< c<< endl; Initial values of the variables :
cout << endl; a=3 b=4 c= 5
x = a * 4 + b / 2 – c * b;
cout << “Value of a * 4 + b/2-c * b is : “ Value of a * 4 + b/2-c * b is : -6
Value of - - a * (3 + b) / 2 – c++ * b is: -13
<< x << endl;
y = - - a * (3 + b) / 2 – c++ * b; Values of the variables are now :

cout << “Value of - - a * (3 + b) / 2 – c++ * b is: “ a=2 b=4 c= 6

<< y << endl;

cout << “a = “ << a << “ b = “ << b << “ c = “
<< c << endl;
}
Formatting Output
 Output is made more readable using
manipulator
 Must include <iomanip> header file.
Manipulators Use

endl New line

dec Formats output as decimal
oct Formats output as octal
hex Formats output as hexadecimal
fixed Set floating-point decimals
showpoint Shows decimal in floating-point values
setw(…) Sets width of output fields
setprecision Specifies number of decimals for floating point
setfill(…) Specifies fill character
Formatting Output
 Set Width (setw)
 Set the minimum width for an output
 Two alignment : right justified and left
justified
 Set Fill Character (setfill)
 Ifthe output width is greater than the data
values placed in it, a fill character can be
used to fill the empty spaces whenever
required
Formatting Output
 Three integer manipulators:
 Decimal (dec)
 The default
 Value in decimal form

 Octal (oct)
 Values are displayed in octal numbering system
 Hexadecimal (hex)
 Values are in hexadecimal format
Formatting Output
 Three Floating-point manipulators:
 Fixed (fixed)
 Displays
floating-point numbers (eg:
1.234568e+6) in the fixed-point format
(1234567.875)
 Set precision (setprecision)
 Usedto control the number of the decimal
places to be displayed
 Showpoint (showpoint)
 To show value with the decimal point
 //demonstrate the output manipulator
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char aChar;
int integer;
float dlrAmnt;
Output :
cout << “Please enter an integer ,\n”; Please enter an integer,

<< “ a dollar amount and a character.\n”; a dollar amount and a

character.
cin >> integer>>dlrAmnt >> aChar;
12 123.45 G

cout <<“\nThank you.You entered:\n”;

Thank you. You entered:
cout << setw( 6 ) << integer << “ “
12 $****123.45 G
<< setfill(‘*’) << setprecision (2) << fixed
<< ‘$’ << setw(10) << dlrAmnt
<< setfill(‘ ‘) << setw( 3 ) <<aChar << endl;
46
}
THANK YOU!