Demand and Available Utilizable Water

1990 25 BCM 52 BCM 34 BCM 191 BCM

Urban demand
Industrial Demand

2025 1990 2025

Agricultural Demand

2025

770 BCM

Total 1013 BCM Aggregate annual utilizable water in India 1100 BCM

Per Capita Availability of Water

1947 2000

5150 Cu.m 2200 Cu.m

2017

1600 Cu.m

Water Stressed Condition

Water Usage by Sector A Birds Eye View

Fresh Water Crisis

Increased Pollution of Surface and Ground Water. Improper Water Resource Management Shortcomings in the Design. Lack of implementation of legislation and regulations. Increase in Population. Undue aspiration of the rich
4

Shortage of water due to

Excessive extraction of groundwater.

Chemical and bacteriological contaminants in drinking water. Ingress of seawater into coastal aquifers. Pollution of ground and surface water from agrochemicals and industrial waste. Pollution of ground and surface water due to urban bodies not resorting to adequate waste management.

Groundwater Depletion
The blocks in red are areas where, due to extraction of groundwater, especially for irrigation, the groundwater levels have fallen by more than 4 metres (@ > 20 cm/year) during 1981-2000
Source: CGWB
6

Environmental Problems

Industrialization Urbanization Agricultural Modernization Rapid Growth without taking into account environmental issues

Generation of Waste Water - India

Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in India in surface water which contribute pathogens, the main source of water borne diseases along with depletion of oxygen in water bodies. Sewage, agricultural run-off & industrial effluents contribute large amount of nutrients in surface water causing eutrophication Pesticides consumption is about 1,00,000 tonnes/year of which AP, Haryana, Punjab, TN, WB, Gujarat, UP and Maharashtra are principal consumers. Industrial waste gets mixed with municipal waste and thus pollute the waterbodies and soil further.
8

Impacts on Untreated return after Use

Domestic: 423 Class I Cities and 499 Class II towns harboring population of 20 Crores generate about 26254 mld of wastewater of which only 6955 mld is treated. (about 25%)
Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in India generate about 13,468 mld of wastewater out of which nearly 60% (generated from large & medium industries) is treated. Non-point sources also contribute significant pollution loads only in rainy season with good flows in river system.

Basic Source: CPCB / MoEF

I.

Municipal Waste Water (MWW)

29000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only 6000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater.

Recommendations
In phase manner, MWW to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. More emphasis to use treated water for irrigation etc. Minimum flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines. 10

Heavy Metals in Surface Water

Natural abundance in soils and sub soils available both in surface and ground water. Industrial and other developmental activities add to the concentration of heavy metals mostly in surface water. Metal based industries contribute through metal containing effluents/Waste disposal.

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Concentration Range (mg/h) of Heavy Metals in the Ganga

Location Rishi Kesh G Mukteshwar Kanpur AS ND ND Cd ND-0.4 ND0.007 ND-0.02 Cr ND-0.29 ND- 3.74 Cu ND- 0.09 ND- 0.06 Fe ND-34.8 ND- 30.5 Pb ND- 0.17 ND- 0.36 Mn ND- 1.06 ND- 1.60 Hg ND- 0.08 NDNDND0.009 ND- 0.04 Ni ND- 0.12 ND0.08 ND- 0.11 Zn ND- 0.35 ND-0.47

ND

ND-1.55

ND-0.07

ND20.04 ND22.85 ND- 23.2

ND- 0.44

ND-0.90

ND- 1.26

Varanasi

ND

ND0.012 ND -0.07 ND- 0.01

ND- 0.54

ND- 0.13

ND- 0.85

ND- 2.08

ND- 0.16

ND- 1.51

Patna

ND0.01 ND ND

ND- 0.13

ND- 0.32

ND- 0.83

ND- 0.33

NDND ND- 0.01

ND- 0.22

ND-1.45

Dakshinawar

ND- 1.30

ND- 0.14

ND- 33.8

ND-1.28

ND- 0.70

ND- 0.21

ND- 0.87

Source: ITRC Lucknow Study 2002

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Pesticides in Water
170 registered pesticides in India manufactured, used, imported and exported. Four major categoriesOrganochlorine Organophasphate Carbamates and Pyretriods Organochlorine pesticides are major concern because of these are persistence, toxicity, lipophiticity and transboundary movements.
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a. b. c. d.

Detection and Violations of Heavy Metals in Water Sources

Metals WHO Guidelines Mg/L River Water N=4650 Detectors As Cd Cr Cu Fe Lb 0.01 0.005 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.05 Few Many Majority Majority AU Majority Violators None 5% 15% None 80% 10% Drinking Water N=1400 Detectors Few Many Many Few AU Many Violators None 4% 6% None 20% 6%

Mn
Hg

0.05
0.001

AU
Many

40%
5%

Majority
None

3%
None

Zn

Majority

None

Many

<1%
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Source: ITRC Lucknow Study- 2002

Persistent Organic Pollutants and Pesticides

Organic Chemicals (Pollutants) persists in environment for several years. Presence of halogen atom(s) and carbon rings impart them stability and resist against breakdown by natural chemicals (hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis) and biological or microbial degradation. These are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are highly toxic to human and other living beings. Several of them are highly carcinogen. In vapour stage it gets absorbed in atmospheric particles and gets transported in other region/places. 12 POPs have been identified of which 9 are pesticides (organochlorine) and other 3 are industrial by products.

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Wastewater Reuse
Advantages:
This technology reduces the demands on potable sources of freshwater. It may reduce the need for large wastewater treatment systems, if significant portions of the waste stream and reused or recycled. The technology may diminish the volume of wastewater discharged, resulting in a beneficial impact on the aquatic environment. Capital costs are low to medium for most systems and are recoverable in a very short time; this excludes systems designed for direct reuse of sewage water. Operation and maintenance are relatively simple except in direct reuse systems where more extensive technology quality control are required. Provision of nutrient-rich wastewaters can increase agricultural production in water-poor areas. Pollution of rivers and ground waters may be reduced. In most cases, the quality of the wastewater, as an irrigation water supply, is superior to that of well water.

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Wastewater Reuse
Disadvantages:
Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal in nature, resulting in the overloading of treatment and disposal facilities during the rainy season; if the wet season is of long duration and/or high intensity, the seasonal discharge of raw wastewaters may occur. Health problems such as water-borne diseases and skin irritations, may occur in people coming into direct contact with reused wastewater. Gases, such as sulfuric acid, produced during the treatment process can result in chronic health problems. Application of untreated wastewater as irrigation water or as injected recharge water may result in groundwater contamination.
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Example of Human Waste use

Ancient practice in Eastern Asia and Western Pacific to improve soil fertility Wastewater use in agriculture Australia, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Mexico, Tunisia.

Excreta use in agriculture China, Guatemala, India, United States of America

Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture

India, Indonesia, Bangladesh

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Health Risks due to Wastewater Use

The agricultural or aquacultural use of excreta and waste-water can result in an actual risk. Either an infective dose of an excreted pathogen reaches a field or pond, or the pathogen multiplies in the field or pond to form an infective dose. The infective dose reaches a human host The host becomes infected; and The infection causes disease or further transmission.
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Environmental Aspects
Major pollution problems such as dissolved oxygen eutrophication, foaming and fish kills can be avoided. depletion, Conservation or more rational usage of freshwater resources, especially in arid and semi-arid areas; fresh water for urban demand, wastewater for agriculture. Reduced requirements for artificial fertilizers, with a concomitant reduction in energy expenditure and industrial pollution elsewhere. Soil conservation through humans build-up and prevention of land erosion. Desertification control and desert reclamation through irrigation and fertilization of tree belts. Improved urban amenity through irrigation and fertilization of green spaces for recreation and visual appeal.

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Burden of diseases attributed to 10 selected leading risk factors in developing countries with high mortality
Percentage
0 Under w eight Unsaf e Sex Unsaf e w ater, sanitation and hygiene 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Remarks

Indoor smoke f rom solid f uels Zinc def iciency Iron def iciency Vitamin A def iciency Blood pressure Tobacco Cholesterol

Source: WHO, 2002. World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. WHO Geneva

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Deaths caused by selected infectious diseases in the SEA Region, 2002 (Figures in 000)
Mortality stratum Disease Respiratory infections Diarrhoeal diseases Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Measles Malaria
Source: World Health Report 2002

Total 1377 802 701 445 193 95

Low child, low adult 121 44 160 60 32 9

High child, high adult 1256 758 541 385 161 86

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Burden of disease in DALYs caused by selected infectious diseases in the SEA Region, 2002 (Figures in 000)
Mortality stratum
Disease Total 32904 22377 15968 13608 6922 3680 Low child, low adult 2497 1128 3549 1850 1151 353 High child, high adult 30407 21249 12149 11758 5771 3327

Respiratory infections Diarrhoeal diseases Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Measles Malaria

Source: World Health Report 2002

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Government of India Agencies involved in Water & Sanitation Programme

Planning Commission Ministry of Urban Development/ CPHEEO Ministry of Rural Development/ RGNDWM Ministry of Water Resources/ CWC & CGWB. Ministry of Environment & Forests/ CPCB.

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare/ NICD.

Ministry of Social Welfare.
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Water and Health: Background

About 21% communicable diseases are water borne 50 million suffer from intestinal diseases, like diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc. 5 million people die, of which 1.5 million are children below 5. Maximum morbidity and mortality occur due to diarrhoea.
- Reported morbidity in 1998 was 9.6 million - Infant mortality is 0.5 million every year - In order to reduce morbidity/ infant mortality rate (IMR)/ B5 mortality, it is necessary to reduce diarrhoea and jaundice, the main causes - Common water borne microbiological disease include Cholera, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Typhoid, Bacillary, Trachoma, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Worm infestation, Guineaworm, Viral Hepatitis, Philariasis, Poliomyelitis etc.
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Water Quality Problems

Quality Problem Remarks

Fluoride
Arsenic

The population at risk is estimated to be around 66 million

Arsenic contamination ground water exceeding the permissible limit of .05 mg per litre in part of West Bengal has been found as a major quality problem and health hazard affecting rural population of 4000 habitations. A total of 1,38,670 habitations spread over 16 states in the country are found to be affected with iron contamination.

Iron

Nitrate

Nitrate is emerging as a major problem in the States of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh
29 projects were sanctioned for Andhra Pradesh, Karnatka, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhra Pradesh26

Brackishness

Water Related Environmental Health Hazard

Rural

unsafe drinking water Inadequate excreta disposal Agricultural run-off containing chemicals and pesticides

Urban

Lack of infrastructure to meet rapid population rise Uncontrolled industrialization Lack of waste management
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Unsafe water and sanitation

About 1.6 Million deaths a year worldwide are attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, mainly through infectious diarrhoea. Nine out of ten such deaths are in children, and virtually all the deaths are in developing countries.

In India, the lack to access safe water and proper sanitation facilities is a major cause for diarrhoeal infections, and kills 600,000 people annually.

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Environmental Sanitation

Inadequate municipal waste water treatment facilities add to 75% of water pollution. Surface water sources get polluted due to municipal and industrial waste and agricultural runoff Quality of ground water deteriorates due to over exploitation, leaching of chemical fertilizers and or land disposal of municipal and industrial waste Lack of HH toilet facilities in the vulnerable areas Inadequate solid waste management and landfill dumping Lack of hygiene education and adaptation of poor personal hygiene practices. Poor drainage facilities leading to silage / rain water collection

29

Framework for Water Safety in 3rd Edition WHO GDWQ

Health Based Targets Water Safety Plans 1. System Assessment 2. Monitoring of control measures 3. Management Plans Independent Surveillance

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Water Safety Plan

A WSP comprises, as a minimum, the three essential actions that are the responsibility of the drinking water supplier in order to ensure that drinking water is safe. These are: a system assessment; effective operational monitoring; and management
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Suggesting Measures for Ground and Surface Water Quality Management

1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Enforcement of Environmental protection rules. Making sewage treatment mandatory to begin with all the Urban local bodies of class I cities under JNNURM and UIDSSMT programmers of MOUD Incentives for recycling & reuse of wastewater. Incentives for rain water harvesting Ground water recharge to form a part of development of an area ( towns, village) right from planning stage. Laboratory with logistic infrastructure. Regular monitoring of water quality at different stretches including ground water Updating of IS 10500, drinking water specification.

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Thank You

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