Signal Distortion

Dispersion

PMD
Fig. 1 Effects causing problems in DWDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 5)

Attenuation

SBS

SRS

SPM

Consequences of Optical Amplifiers

ASE

Strong Non-Linearities

Channel Crosstalk

FWM

XPM

Fig. 2 Absorption (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 9)

Fig. 3 Scattering (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 9)

Optical fiber

Tx
All wavelengths transmitted at the same time Dispersion causes some wavelengths to delay

Rx
Different wavelengths arrive at different times

Fig. 4 Dispersion and speed of different wavelengths (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 13)

Initial signal

End signal

Fig. 5 Example of the effects of chromatic dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 13)

Fiber-Cladding

Fiber Core

Fig. 6 Reason for mode dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 15)

Chromatic Dispersion Dispersion in ps/(nm+km) +50

Dmat
Dchrom

600

1000 Dwav

1400

1800 Wavelength in nm

-50

Fig. 7 Chromatic dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 15)

Fiber-Cladding

Fiber Core

Fig. 8 Reason for waveguide dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 16)

PMD Delay

Fig. 9 Polarization mode dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 19)

Input signal

Output signal

Fig. 10 Bit shape before and after travelling through the fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 19)

Scattering Phenomenons

Stimulated Raman Scattering SRS

Fig. 11 Summary of nonlinear effects (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 23)

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering SBS

Kerr Non-Linearities

Four Wave Mixing FWM

Self Phase Modulation SPM

Cross Phase Modulation XPM

Amplitude

Raman Scattering

Fig. 12 Raman scattering (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 25)

Wavelenght

Loss of energy

Gain of energy

Fig. 13 Raman scattering from particle view (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 25)

Sent Spectrum

Received Spectrum

Fig. 14 Raman tilt (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 27)

Rayleigh Peak Power in dBm

SBS Peak

Wavelength in nm

Fig. 15 Rayleigh and SBS peak (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 29)

25 15

15 10 5 0 5 10 15 25
T1523360-96

Scattered power (dBm)

5 5 15 25 35 5

10

15

20

Injected power (dBm)

Fig. 16 Power threshold of SBS (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 29)

Output power (dBm)

123 u. 213 312 u. 132 113

321 u. 231

112

223

221

332

331

Fig. 17 Four wave mixing (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 31)

Before Transmission:

After Transmission:

Fig. 18 FWM measurement (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 31)

Optical fiber

Tx
All wavelengths travel together: Strong interaction

Rx

Optical fiber

Tx
The wavelengths travel seperately: Weak interaction

Rx

Fig. 19 FWM without and with dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 33)

Pulse broadening Impulse shape

Pulse compression Impulse shape

Relative speed

Relative speed

Fig. 20 Effects of SPM above and below zero dispersion point (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 35)

XPM Crosstalk

Fig. 21 XPM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 37)

Linear Fiber Effects

t
P

ATT
P

t P
t

GVD P

PMD

t
Fig. 22 Linear optical effects (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 41)

Nonlinear Fiber Effects

Stimulated scattering processes

SRS

Kerr nonlinearity

FWM

SPM

XPM

Fig. 23 Nonlinear optical effects (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 43)

SBS