Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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Useful web-links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_busi ness_entity http://taxes.about.com/od/taxplanning/a/in corporating_2.htm http://www.theamericancollege.edu/docs/1 43.pdf
Learning Goals
1. What are the three main forms of business organization, and what factors should a companys owners consider when selecting a form? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships? 3. Why would a new business venture choose to operate as a partnership, and what downside would the partners face?
Introduction
Different approaches concerning forms of business organizations: 1) Common Law countries use the term company for limited liability companies and corporations 2) Civil Law countries use more formalities for the registration of companies the term is used almost for all forms of business, besides sole proprietorships (but even these have to be registered in public register)
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 5
Learning Goal 1
What are the three main forms of business organization, and what factors should a companys owners consider when selecting a form?
Business Organizations
1. Sole proprietorships
2. Partnerships 3. Corporations
Sales
P rofits
Learning Goal 2
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships?
Facts: 75% of all businesses in the world 90% of all SPs are one person businesses 3 types of SPs internationally classic SP, individual enterprise, farmers
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 10
Sole Proprietorships
Advantages Easy and inexpensive to form Owners right to all profits Direct control of the business Freedom from government regulation No special taxation Ease of dissolution Disadvantages Unlimited liability Difficulty in raising capital Limited managerial expertise Difficulty finding qualified employees Personal time commitment Unstable business life Owner absorbs all loses
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Learning Goal 3
Why would a new business venture choose to operate as a partnership, and what downside would the partners face?
Facts: the most unpopular in the world highly popular for specific types of businesses
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 12
Partnerships
General Partnerships
Partners co-own assets and share profits Each partner is individually liable for all debts and contracts of the partnership
Limited Partnerships
Controlled by one or more general partners who have unlimited liability Partners liability is limited to their investment Do not participate in the firms operations
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Partnerships
Advantages
Ease of formation Availability of capital Diversity of skills and expertise Flexibility No special taxes Relative freedom from government control
Disadvantages
Unlimited liability for general partners Potential for conflict between partners Sharing of profits Difficulty in leaving or ending a partnership
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Partners duties
not to make a secret profit; not to compete with the partner; to serve the partnership; to exercise the skill and care of the ordinarily prudent business manager; to act within the actual authority; to account for the use and disposal of partnerships funds and property;
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Partners duties
to indemnify other partners for expenditures they made from their personal funds and for liabilities they incurred on behalf of the partnership; to maintain the confidentiality of partnership information; to disclose to other partners information material to the partnership business; to inform partners of notices he has received.
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 16
Types of partners
General partner, Limited/special partner, Silent partner, Secret partner, Dormant partner (silent + secret), Ostensible partner (estoppel), Sub-partner.
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Learning Goal 4
How does the limited liability structure provide advantages and disadvantages to a company and its owners?
Facts: LLC in civil law countries are the most popular LLC are used most often for money-laundry and tax evasion schemes Almost no limits as to activities permitted
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 18
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Corporations
Shareholders (General Meeting) own the corporation can sell or transfer shares receive profits in the form of dividends Board of Directors (Supervisory Board) elected by the shareholders govern the firm Officers top management that carry out the goals and policies of the board of directors
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 22
Corporations
Advantages
limited liability easy of transfer ownership unlimited life-span ability to attract financing ability to attract potential employees
Disadvantages
double taxation of profits cost and complexity of formation more government regulations and restrictions
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Rights of shareholders
Participation; Voting (straight, cumulative, class, by agreements, by proxies); Preemptive; Inspection of financial records; Meetings; Suits; No liability for companys obligations.
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Natural Monopolies
Companies that legally received the status of the monopoly and are legally protected from competition.
Examples:
Air Traffic Services Utilities (Gas, Electricity, Water, Garbage) Telephone companies Railroad companies
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 26
Learning Goal 5
Does a company have any business organization options besides sole proprietorship, partnership, and limited liability company/corporation?
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Franchises
Groups of companies
BUSINESS LAW IN THE GLOBAL MARKET PLACE, by Peter Nayler 2006 28
Franchising:
a business organization in which a franchisor supplies the product concept to the franchisee, who sells the goods or services in a certain geographical area
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Franchises
Advantages
increased ability for franchisor to expand recognized name, product and operating concept management training and assistance for franchisee financial assistance for franchisee
Disadvantages
loss of control for franchisor costs of franchising restricted operating freedom for franchisee
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Subway Liberty Tax Service Ace Hardware Hardees's Supercuts Pizza Hut Kumon UPS Express Employment Professionals Sport Clips
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Treaty shopping
Thin capitalization
A company is purposely financed by loans rather than by equity capital (artificial business expenses)
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Benefits of Mergers
combined cost savings elimination of overlapping services improved purchasing power increased market share reduced competition
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