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Chapter 1
Modeling, Computers and Error Analysis
TOPIC OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, students should be able to: Describe the use of mathematical modeling in engineering problem solving. Define both exact and numerical solutions. Apply the software package (MATLAB) for common mathematical operations Calculate true percent relative error t, percent relative error a and percent tolerance s.
Chapter Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mathematical Modeling and Engineering Problem Solving 1.3 Programming and Software 1.4 Errors
Dependent variable = f
Solution for differential equation cannot be solved analytically using simple algebraic solution. The exact solution for differential equation can be solved using calculus or by approximation using numerical methods.
How to do it??
1) Install MATLAB software in your notebook. 2) Explore the Appendix B in Chapra and Canale (2006). 3) Try any other exercises. 4) Check the answers MATLAB gave and make sure you understand them.
Errors
Why errors are concerned??
For many engineering problems, we cannot obtain exact solutions. Numerical methods yield approximate results, results that are close to the exact solution.
The question is How much error is present in our calculation and is it tolerable?
Accuracy?
Inaccuracy?
Precision? Imprecision?
If we cannot solved the problem analytically to get the true value, how to calculate its true error?
We normalized the error to approximate value. Numerical methods use iterative approach to compute answers. A present approximation is made on the basis of a previous approximation. Percent relative error, a ??
The a may be in +ve or ve signs. But the most important is its absolute value. The calculation should proceed until the absolute value of lower than percent a tolerance given, .
s
a s
Result is correct/almost exact after the iteration to at least n significant figures. n= 1,2,3.
s 0.5 10
2n
3 4 5
Zeros are sometimes used to locate the decimal point not significant figures. 0.00001753 0.0001753 0.001753 4 4 4
Types of errors- Round-off error Numbers such as , e, or 7 cannot be expressed by a fixed number of significant figures.
Types of errors- Truncation error Truncation errors are those that result from using an approximation in place of an exact mathematical procedure.
a) Forward divided difference (1st derivative) >>> equation 4.17 b) Backward divided difference (1st derivative) >>> equation 4.20
CONCLUSION
Mathematical modelling is Exact and numerical solution? Types of error? Anything else?