Electronic

Marketing

Chapter 5
An Introduction to the
Internet
The Internet as a Whole
 The Internet began as a federal
government project and is still growing
because of the support of the
government
 More recently, the Internet has evolved to
satisfy the demands of commercial
interests
The Internet as a Whole
 What is the Internet exactly?
 The Internet is a worldwide computer network accessed via
modem, special communication lines or even satellite
 The Internet connects universities, government
laboratories, businesses, and individuals around the world
 It can be thought of as a virtual community of cooperation,
which covers the entire globe, spanning political,
economical, and cultural spectrums
 The Internet is “virtual” in that it has no physical “home” or
dimension, weight, or texture
The Internet as a Whole
 There is a significant difference between
the Internet and commercial online
services
 The online services are centrally controlled
and programmed to serve the likes of the
subscribers
 The Internet is decentralized with little
control by any party
History of the Internet
 In the Beginning
 The first recorded description of
interactions through networking was in a
series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider
of MIT in August 1962
 In 1969, an experimental computer network
called ARPANET was created to provide a
test-bed for emerging network technologies
History of the Internet
 In the Beginning continued…
 In 1973, Bob Kahn of DARPA posed an
Internet problem that initiated the
“Internetting” research program to develop
communication protocols or agreed-upon
standards, allowing networked computers
to communicate transparently across
multiple, linked packet networks.
 “Packets”- information broken into many
smaller units that are easier to route through
History of the Internet
 “Internetting” continued…
 The system of protocols, which was developed over the
course of this research effort, became known as the TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
 In 1971, Ray Tomlinson of Bolt Beranek Newman (BBN,
www.bbn.com) invented the first e-mail program that could
send messages across a distributed network
 In 1972, the first e-mail utility to list, selectively read, file,
forward, and respond to messages was released
 The evolution of Telnet was developed by the National Center
for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)
An Online Community Begins
 During 1980 through 1981, two other networking
projects, BITNET and CSNET, were initiated
 Computer Science NETwork (CSNET) was initially
funded by the National Science Foundation to provide
networking services for university, industry,
government, and computer science research groups
with no access to ARPANET
 At its peak, CSNET had approximately two hundred
participation sites and international connections to
approximately fifteen countries
The Revolution Starts with the Explosion of
Personal Computers (PCs)

 In 1982 and 1983, the first desktop PC began to

appear
 During 1985 through 1986, the U.S. National Science
Foundation connected the nation’s six supercomputing
centers together. This network was called the
NSFNET, or NSFNET backbone, and today, provides
a major backbone communication service for the
Internet
 In 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force and
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into
existence under the IAB to assist in the organization
and standardization of the Internet
Problems and Solutions
 1988 - One of the first hard times for the Internet, an
Internet worm burrowed through the Net, affecting
approximately 6,000 of the 60,000 host computers
 Soon after the worm incident, DARPA formed the
Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
 2001 - viruses such as Code Red, SirCam, Nimda,
and the Klez.H worm plagued administrators and
users alike
 Information on viruses and hoaxes can readily be found on
the Internet with a simple search
The Internet Takes Off
 1989 - to keep up with the demand for information, the
NSFNET backbone was upgraded to “T1;” it is was
now able to transmit data at speeds of 1.5 million bits
of data per second, or about fifty pages of text per
second
 In 1991, the University of Minnesota developed
Gopher
 The European Laboratory for Particle Physics in
Switzerland (CERN, www.cern.ch/) introduced the
World Wide Web (WWW.w3.org/)
The Internet Takes Off
 To ensure privacy on the newly formed
Web, Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) security
program was released
 In 1992, the Internet Society (ISOC) was
chartered; this organization is a voluntary
membership whose purpose is to
promote global information exchange
through Internet technology
The Internet Takes Off
 The first audio multicast (March 1992)
and video multicast (November 1992)
were seen and heard on the Internet
 In 1993, the NSFNET backbone network
was upgraded to “T3” meaning it is able
to transmit data at speeds of 45 million
bits of data per second, or about 1,400
pages of text per second
The World Goes Graphical
 During the period of 1993 through 1994,
the graphical Web browsers Mosaic and
Netscape Navigator were introduced and
spread through the Internet community
 WWW Worms are joined by Spiders,
Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes which
are programs that make it easier to find
information on the Internet
Consumers Go Online

 Communities began to be wired up directly to the Internet

 The Web surpassed FTP in March 1995, based on byte
count
 Registration of domain names was no longer free;
beginning September 14, 1995, a $50 annual fee was
imposed
 In 1996, the Internet allowed phone companies to sign up
users providing the user access to the Internet; and
various ISPs suffered extended service outages, bringing
into question whether they would be able to handle the
growing number of users
Consumers Go Online

 In 1997, the American Registry of Internet

Numbers (ARIN) was established to handle
administration and registration of IP numbers
to the geographical areas currently handled by
Network Solutions
 In 1998, Robert H. Zakon released a Web-
based version of the Hobbes Internet Timeline
http://www.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/Histor
y/HIT.html
 In February of 1999, the First Internet Bank of
Indiana, became the first full-service bank
available online on the Internet.
Consumers Go Online
 The U.S. State Court ruled that domain names
are property and may be garnished
 Our first large-scale cyberwar took place
simultaneously with the war in Serbia/Kosovo
 In 2000, the year of the Millennium, the U.S.
timekeeper (USNO) and a few other time
services around the world reported the New
Year as 1900
Consumers Go Online
 The year 2000, saw successful hacks of RSA
Security, Apache, Western Union and
Microsoft
 In February of 2001, the world enjoyed the first
live distributed musical – The Technophobe &
the Madman – over Internet2 networks.
 The European Council finalized an
international cybercrime treaty which became
the first treaty addressing criminal offenses
over the Internet.
Current Internet Usage Trends
 A good place to start looking at the statistical data on
Internet trends and usage is a Yahoo! home page
address,
(www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/St
atistics_and_Demographics/), where many useful sites
are listed under “Computers and
Internet/Internet/Statistics”
 Stat Market (www.statmarket.com), a global site that
keeps statistics on most used browsers, operating
systems, busiest times of the day, and other useful
Internet usage research
Current Internet Usage Trends
 Through a Web address, additional
information on Web travelers can be
obtained
 You can glean some information about
the person or organization that created a
Web page by the address or Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) of the page you
are viewing
Current Internet Operation and
Tools

 The architecture of the Internet is simple.

 It is based on the concept of a client-server
relationship between computers and a line of
transmission
 The network is flexible, the computer can be
linked through
 Telephone modems
 Cable modems
 Fiber optic
 Microwave
 Satellite transmission
Current Internet Operation and
Tools
 E-mail stands for electronic mail. It was
designed for personal and business
communications through the Internet
 To use e-mail, a user must have an electronic
post office or e-mail address. This address is
comprised of:
 A user name
 A machine or host name

 A domain

 Along with e-mail come List Servers or listservs

Current Internet Operation and
Tools
 Telnet
 Host has a gateway to other hosts
 Access remote Multi-User Dimensions
(MUDs)
 Multi-User Simulation Environments
(MUSEs)
 FileTransfer Protocol
 The World Wide Web

 Search Tools