Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Algebra 1
Linear expressions Quadratic
Algebra 4
Binomial expansion Binomial distribution
Calculus 1
calculating distances Equation of a straight Algebra 2 Calculus 2 line Linear inequalities Circle Integration Quadratic Definite integrals Geometry 2 inequalities Area between curves Inequalities Algebraic fractions Linear programming Calculus 3 Expressions Motion in a straight containing a square Trigonometry 1 line root The Basics Constant Sine rule Algebra 3 acceleration Cosine rule Polynomials Velocity Trigonometry 2 Factor theorem Formulae (other Remainder theorem 3d work document)
Geometry 1
Gradient of a line Different lines and
Introduction Gradient of a curve Differentiation Tangents and normals Stationary points and Higher Derivatives
Ex 1A, B & C
Contents
This is basically GCSE if not SAT revision When simplifying remember to:
Collect like terms
Remove brackets Factorise Find a common
Ex 1D
Contents
This is when the highest power is 2 It often involves expanding and factorising Before starting to solve a quadratic equation, make sure that all terms of the quadratic are on the left hand side of the equation
You use this when you are in a calculator test and cannot factorise
Ex 1E
Contents
Method: It is used Method: when you X-8x=-3* Y = x-8x +3* Take the coefficient cannot This can be of x-8 written as y=(xfactorise a Half it 4)-13 quadratic -4 See Square the answer It is also previous +16 useful when example Add this to both sides and its sketching a Factorise where answer graph as it possible Therefore the Take the square root identifies the line of symmetry of both sides line of is x=4 and the Add the constant to symmetry and vertex is (4,-13) both sides the vertex Find the answer
Ex 1F
Contents
...by elimination
Suitable for when y is
the subject Take the expression for y from the equation and substitute it in the other equation then solve as before
not the subject or either equation Multiply the equations as so that when they are subtracted/added from the other they eliminate variables Substitute this into the first equation and thus solve
Linear inequalities Quadratic in equalities Algebraic fractions Expressions containing a square root
Ex 2A
Contents
Like simplifying linear expressions, you do the same to both sides However, remember to have the inequality sign the right way and whether it is equal to or not You may also be asked to show the answer on a number line
In this case, remember that open circles at the end of the line show that the number is not included Closed circles mean the figure is included in your answer Both can be used in a single answer
Ex 2B
Contents
But remember that if it has terms on both sides these must be collected to one side
These quadratic inequalities will be able to be factorised Remember to be careful in reading and working the question especially when using a graph
Ex 2C & D
Contents
Algebraic fractions follow the same rules as the fractions in arithmetic The common denominator should be the lowest common multiple of the original denominators
Other than being asked to simplify an algebraic fraction you may be asked to solve an equation involving fractions This is done in the same way as before but also having to simplify fractions Remember that when you multiply a fraction you only multiply its numerator
Ex 2E
Contents
It is often easier to use surds when working with square roots to get a more accurate answer than just working out the numerical value You should try to make the number that is under the square root sign as small as possible or as easy to work with as possible Rationalising the denominator is an important technique to be aware of
Contents
Just remember the hyp, app and adj. And that is used for the angle The Trigonometric ratios are:
Remember:
sin (etc.) will give you the ratio
-1
Contents
S skiving off
H homework
Contents
Tan is Opposite divided by Adjacent An easy way to remember is it doesnt have the hyp and opp is always on top Opposite is a helpful way of remembering it.
Contents
Contents
AB = AC + BC - 2(AC)(BC) cos C c = b + a - 2ab cos c a = b + c - 2bc cos a b = a + c 2ac cos b OR cos A = b + c - a / 2bc
Contents
It is based on that fact that in any triangle the length of any edge is proportional to the sine of the angle opposite to that edge
a / sin A
=
b / sin B
c / sin C
Contents
This formula (which is cyclic) is for finding the area of a triangle when the lengths of 2 edges are known and also the size of the angle between them
Area
ab sin C
bc sin A
ca sin B
3d work
Contents
Anti-clockwise is always positive Clockwise is negative Always go from the x axis Cosine and Sine are between -1 and 1 whereas Tangent is over 1
Silver Sin Cos Tan Sin Cos Tan + + Tea Sin Cos Tan All + + +
1 -1
-1
Contents
Contents
Introduction Curves, Tangents, and Normals Gradient of a curve Differentiation Tangents and normals Stationary points and Higher Derivatives
Contents
Cord: joins two points on the curve Tangent: touches the curve at a point of contact Normal: perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact The tangent to a curve can be considered as the limit position of a chord
Curved line
Contents
As B gets closer to A we can say that B tends to A (written as BA) The gradient of the cord AB the gradient of the tangent at A E.g. y = x
A = (xA ,yA)
Xa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ya = (Xa) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Xb 3.5 3 2.5 2.25 2.1 2.05 2.001
B = (xB, yB)
Yb = (Xb) 12.25 9 6.25 5.0625 4.41 4.2025 4.004001 Mab = 5.5 5 4.5 4.25 4.1 4.05 4.001
Yb - Ya Xb - Xa
From the table, we can assume that the gradient of the tangent to the graph y = x at A(2,4) is 4
2
3 4 5
12
27 48 75
5
x
10
2x y = x X 1 2 3 4
x
Gradient 4 32 108 256
3x
5
x
500
4x
Contents
The value of the gradient of the chord AB as B tends Note that d has no independent meaning to A is called the and must never be differential coefficient of regarded as a factor. The y with respect to x or the d complete symbol dx derivative of y with means the derivative respect to x. The limit is dy with respect to x of denoted by the symbol dx *previous expression+ (read as dy by dx) dy We may also write The process of obtaining dx when y is a function of x the differential coefficient as f(x) or y or derivative of a function is called differentiation.
Contents
Contents
d e.g. dx
d dx
(x) = 7x
d dx
(x) = nx
d dx
Contents
y y=c
Let y=c Graphically this is a horizontal straight line and its gradient is zero Therefore differentiating a constant will give you zero
i.e.
d dx
(c) = 0
Contents
d dx
(ax) = a
d i.e. dx
d dx
(x) = anx
Where a is a constant
(ax) = anx
For example:
d dx
(3x) = 18x
Contents
We differentiate each term and then add or/and subtract the terms as necessary For example:
d dx
(x + 5x - 3x + 4)
7x + 10x - 3
Contents
The gradient of the chord AB as it tends to the point A, is the value of the derivative at that point A. We can use this to find the equation of the tangent and/or of the normal to a curve at a given point
Contents
Q. Find the equation of the tangent and of the normal to the curve: y = x + 3x 10 at the point (1, -6)
Thus:
d = 2x + 3 dx
at x = 1
m=2X1+3=5
Using: y y = m(x x)
y + 6 = 5(x 1) y = 5x 5 6 y = 5x 11 m = 5 so m = - y + 6 = - (x-1) 5y + 30 = -x + 1 x + 5y + 29 = 0
Contents
This is basically doing the second derivative This is just differentiating what you already have differentiated It can be used to find stationary points in increasing and decreasing functions
Contents
y + + + + A 0 B + 0 0 + + C + + x
positive
negative
dx
Contents
points of inflection
find y To find the nature of the stationary points work out the second derivative and then substitute the value(s) of x found before to decide if they are a min/max points or points of inflection
Contents
At point P
dy dx
dy dx dy dx dy dx dy dx Maximum point <0 Minimum point
=0
=0
>0
Point of inflection
=0
Remember to physically do and say each step in a question including saying if a certain point is a max., min. or point of inflection.