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ODA030010 BGP Routing Protocol


ISSUE 1.4
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Understand the principle of BGP Understand the features of Attributes

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Chapter 1 Principle of BGP

Chapter 2 BGP Route Attributes

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Overview Of BGP
BGP is an exterior routing protocol, used to transmit routing

information between ASs


It is a kind of distance-vector routing protocol and avoids the

occurrence of loop in design. It provides additional attribute information for the route
Transfer protocol: TCP; port No.: 179
It supports Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Route updating: transmit incremental routes only Abundant route filtering and routing policies

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Autonomous System
What is an Autonomous System (AS)?

The Autonomous System (AS) refers to a set of routers, which are managed by the same technical management organization and adopt the unified routing strategy. Each AS has a unique AS number, which is allocated by the management organization authorized by the Internet.
which routing protocol running inside the AS

IGP routing protocol such as static route, OSPF , IS-IS etc


Which routing protocol running between ASs

BGP only

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Working Mechanism Of BGP


AS1 AS2 AS3

AS4

AS5

AS7

AS6

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IBGP Neighbor & EBGP Neighbor

RTA

AS100

AS300

RTE

EBGP IBGP

EBGP

RTB

RTD

AS200

RTC

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Route Advertising Principles of BGP


BGP Speaker only selects the best one for its own use

BGP Speaker only advertises the routes used by itself to its

neighbors
For the routes obtained from EBGP, the BGP Speaker will

advertise them to all its neighbors (including EBGP and IBGP)


For the routes obtained from IBGP, the BGP Speaker will not

advertise them to its IBGP neighbors


For the routes obtained from IBGP, whether the BGP Speaker will

advertise them to its EBGP neighbors depends on the synchronization state of IGP and BGP
Once the connection is established, the BGP Speaker will

advertise all its BGP routes to the new neighbors

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BGP Synchronization
E0:10.1.1.1/24 RTA AS100 S0 EBGP EBGP

AS300
RTF

RTB S1

IBGP
RTE RTC

AS200

RTD

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Full Dynamic Redistribution


AS200 18.0.0.1/8
OSPF

RTB

OSPF discovers route 18.0.0.1/8 Dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP (OSPF)

into the BGP routing table of RTB

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Semi Dynamic Redistribution

AS200
18.0.0.1/8 OSPF

RTB

OSPF discovers the route 18.0.0.1/8

Semi-dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP

(OSPF) into the BGP routing table of RTB

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Static Redistribution

AS200
18.0.0.1/8

RTB

Manually configure the static route 18.0.0.1/8

Redistribute the static route manually configured into the BGP

routing table of RTB

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BGP Messages
There are four types of BGP messages:

Open: greeting--"hello, let's make friends!"


Keepalive: I'm alive, don't leave me alone Update: fresh news... Notification: i won't play with you any more!

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BGP Message Header


BGP messages have the same format: "message header +

packet body"
The BGP header is given as follows:

Marker(16 byte) Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte)

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Open Message
Open Message consists of the Message header and the

structure below Version(1byte) My Autonomous System (2byte)

Hold Time (2byte)


BGP Identifier (4byte) Optional Parameters Length (1byte) Optional Parameters

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Keepalive Message
Keepalive Message only has the header

Marker(16 byte) Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte)

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Update Message
An Update Message consists of the header and the following

structure

Unfeasible Routes Length (2byte) Withdrawn Routes (variable length) Path Attribute Length (2byte) Path Attributes (variable length) Network Layer Reachability Information (variable length)

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Notification Message
A Notification packet consists of the header and the structure below

Error Code (1byte)

Error Subcode (1byte)

Data (variable length)

Error Code Error Type

1 Header error

2 OPEN Massage error

3 UPDATE Massage error

4 Hold time expiry

5 State Machine error

Exit

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Finite State Machine of BGP


TCP connection fails Active Connect-Retry timer expiry Connect-Retry timer expiry Connect Others Others Start

TCP connection fails

TCP connection setup TCP connection setup Open-sent Error Correct OPEN packet received Error

Idle

Error

Open-confirm KeepAlive timer expiry

Established KeepAlive packet received

1. KeepAlive timer expiry 2. Update received 3. KeepAlive received

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Application of Messages in BGP


The Open message is sent when establishing a BGP

connection via TCP


After the connection is established, the UPDATE message is

sent to notify the peer of the routing information if a route needs to be sent or route change occurs
After stabilization, it is necessary to send the KEEPALIVE

message periodically to keep the validity of the BGP connection


When an error is found during the running of local BGP,

NOTIFICATION message shall be sent to notify the BGP peer

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Chapter 1 Principle of BGP

Chapter 2 BGP Route Attributes

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BGP Path Attributes


A Path Attribute is a characteristic of an advertised BGP route.

Each Path Attribute falls into one of four categories:

Well-known mandatory Well-known discretionary Optional transitive Optional nontransitive

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Path Attribute
Well-known mandatory ORIGIN AS-Path Next hop Optional nontransitive Multi-Exit-Disc (MED) ORIGINATOR-ID Cluster-List

Well-known discretionary Local-Preference Atomic-Aggregate

Destination Pref (MCI)


Advertiser (Baynet) Rcid-Path (Baynet) MP_Reach_NLRI MP_Unreach_NLRI Extended_Communities

Optional transitive
Aggregator Community
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ORIGIN Attribute
ORIGIN specifies the origin of the routing update. When BGP has

multiple routes, it uses ORIGIN as one factor in determining the preferred route. IGP NLRI (Network layer Reachability Information) was learned from a protocol internal to the originating AS. BGP routes are given an origin of IGP if they are learned from an IGP routing table via the network statement. EGP NLRI was learned from the Exterior Gateway Protocol. Incomplete NLRI was learned by some other means. Incomplete imply that the information for determining the origin of the route is incomplete. Routes that BGP learns through redistribution carry the incomplete origin attribute.
Which one is preferred?

IGP > EGP > Incomplete

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AS_PATH Attribute
AS-PATH uses a sequence of AS numbers to describe the inter-AS

path or route to the destination specified by the NLRI.


AS-PATH describes all AS it has passed through ,beginning with the

most recent AS and ending with the originating AS.


AS300 AS400

D(18.0.0.0/8)
AS200 RTA 30.0.0.1

D (400 300 200)

AS100
D (500 200)

30.0.0.2 RTB AS500

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AS_PATH Attribute
The Function of AS-PATH

AS can influence its incoming traffic by changing the AS_PATH of its advertising route AS_PATH can be used for loop avoidance
AS300 AS400

D(18.0.0.0/8)
AS200 RTA 30.0.0.1

D (400 300 200)

D (200 200 200)


30.0.0.2 RTB AS500

AS100

D (500 200,200,200)

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Next Hop Attribute


RTC RTA AS100 21.0.0.2 EBGP IBGP
21.0.0.1 20.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2

AS200
18.0.0.0/8

IBGP

10.0.0.3

19.0.0.0/8

RTD

RTB
RTA
I can reach 18.0.0.0/8 via the next hop10.0.0.2 I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3 I can reach 19.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 21.0.0.1

RTC
I can reach 19.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.1 I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3

RTB
I can reach 18.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.2 I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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LOCAL_PREF Attribute
LOCAL_PREF is used to communicate a BGP routers degree

of preference for an advertised route.


LOCAL_PREF is only in updates between internal BGP peers

and it is not passed to other AS.


If an internal BGP speaker receives multiple routes to the

same destination, it compares the LOCAL_PREF attribute of the routes. The route with highest LOCAL_PREF is selected.
The LOCAL_PREF attribute affects only traffic leaving the AS.

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LOCAL_PREF Attribute
AS400 D (18.0.0.0/8) RTF

AS200 RTD

30.0.0.1

20.0.0.1

AS300 RTE

30.0.0.2 RTB Dlocal-pref1 100 RTA


AS100

20.0.0.2 RTC Dlocal-pref2 200

Dlocal-pref1
Dlocal-pref2

100
200 RTA will select local-pref2 that has higher local preference
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MULTI-EXIT-DISC (MED) Attribute


MED is carried in EBGP updates and allows an AS to inform

another AS of its preferred ingress points. It is meant only for a single AS to demonstrate a degree of preference when it has multiple ingress points.
MED attribute affects only the incoming traffic to the AS. If all else is equal , an AS receiving multiple routes to the same

destination compare the MED of the routes. The lowest MED value is prefered. MEDs are not compared if two routes to the same destination are received from two different AS.
The MED is passed between internal peers of the receiving AS but

not passed beyond the receiving AS. MED is used only to influence traffic between two directly connected AS.

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MULTI-EXIT-DISC (MED) Attribute


AS100 D,metric1 10 D,metric2 20 RTA 30.0.0.1 20.0.0.1

RTA will select the lower metric

D,metric1 10 RTB

30.0.0.2

20.0.0.2

D,metric2 20
RTC

IBGP
D(18.0.0.0/8) AS200

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Community Attribute

Community is designed to simplify policy enforcement. It identifies a

destination as a member of some community of destinations that share one or more common properties.
The COMMUNITY attribute is a set of four octets values AA:NN. AA is

AS number. NN is an administratively defined identifier.

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Well-known Community
NO_EXPORT Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to EBGP peers and outside of the confederation NO_ADVERTISE Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised at all to either EBGP or IBGP peers. LOCAL_AS Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to EBGP peers including peers in other AS within a confederation. INTERNET

All routes belong to this community by default. Received routes belonging to this community are advertised freely
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BGP Route Selection Procedure


In general, the procedure of local BGP route selection is:

1. If the next hop of this route is unreachable, this route is not selected. 2. Select the route with a higher local preference. 3. Select the originated route by the local router (same local precedence). 4. Select the route with shortest AS path. 5. Select the route with lowest origin code (IGP lower than EGP, EGP lower than Incomplete ).

6. Select the route with smallest MED .


7.Performing load sharing on multiple routes according to the configured number of routes (in case load sharing is configured and there are multiple external routes to the same AS)

8. Select the route with smallest Router ID .


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Summary

Feature of BGP
Difference with the IGP and EGP Principle of BGP The route attributes of BGP

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