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Conventional methods of
remediation
Dig up and remove it to a landfill
sk of excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material
ry expensive to find another land to finally dispose these materials
wbacks
y not be effective on all contaminants
ay
me duration – relatively long
pertise required to design and implemen
hough not technically complex
though
• is a general term referring to the
microbially mediated decomposition
of paper, paint, textiles, concrete,
hydrocarbons
• Superior technique over using
chemicals – why?
3.Microorganisms – easy to handle
4.Easy to clear – using antibiotics
Types of Biodegradation
1. Minor change in a molecule
2. Fragmentation
3. Complete mineralization
One example to describe all 3 types
Minor change in a molecule
(dehalogenation)
Cl
OH
Cl
HO O CH2 COOH
Cl is replaced with OH
Fragmentation
Cl
OH
HOCH2-COOH HO OH
Cl
Cl O CH2 COOH
Engineered Bioremediation
Intentional changes
Intrinsic Bioremediation
Simply allow biodegradation to
occur under natural conditions
Factors affecting Engineered
Bioremediation
Qualities of microorganism &
environment
Sources of microorganisms
Disadvantages of GEMs
1. Contact between the microbes and
the substrate
2. Proper physical environment
3. Nutrients
4. Oxygen
5. Absence of toxic compounds
• Able to degrade hydrocarbons
• Able to fix nitrogen
• No secondary/side effects
Ex situ Bioremediation
(away from the site)
• Bioventing
involves supplying air and nutrients
through wells to contaminated soil to
stimulate the indigenous bacteria.
• Biosparging
involves the injection of air under
pressure below the water table to
increase groundwater oxygen
concentrations and enhance the rate of
biological degradation of contaminants
by naturally occurring bacteria.
• Bioaugmentation
involves practice of adding specialized
microbes or their enzyme preparation to
polluted matrices to accumulate
transformation or stabilization of specific
pollutants
• Landfarming
involves a simple technique in which
contaminated soil is excavated and spread
over a prepared bed and periodically tilled
until pollutants are degraded.
• Composting
Traditional method to convert waste
into household usable materials
involves combining contaminated soil
with nonhazardous organic amendants
such as manure or agricultural wastes.
The presence of these organic materials
supports the development of a rich
microbial population and elevated
temperature characteristic of
composting.
Where did they get the concept
from?
• Evolutionary some plants have
evolved the capacity to take up and
accumulate selected metals in their
shoots in levels that are toxic to
ordinary plants
• Some plants have developed
symbiotic association with microbes
that can degrade certain pollutants
Introduction
Rhizofiltration
Phytoextraction
Phytotransformation Phytodegradation
Phytostabilization
• Also called Phytoaccumulation
• A process used by the plants to
accumulate contaminants into the
roots and shoots or leaves.
• Technique saves tremendous
remediation cost by accumulating low
levels of contaminants from a
widespread area (usually metals)
• Also called Phytodegradation
• refers to the uptake of organic
contaminants from soil, sediments,
or water and, subsequently, their
transformation to more stable, less
toxic, or less mobile form.
• Metal chromium can be reduced from
hexavalent to trivalent chromium,
which is a less mobile and non-
carcinogenic form.
• Leachable (permeate gradually)
constituents are adsorbed and bound
into the plant structure so that they
form a stable mass of plant from
which the contaminants will not
reenter the environment
• Also called rhizodegradation
• is the breakdown of contaminants through
the activity existing in the rhizosphere.
• Due to the presence of proteins and
enzymes produced by the plants or by soil
organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and
fungi.
• a symbiotic relationship that has evolved
between plants and microbes
• Plants provide nutrients necessary for the
microbes to thrive, while microbes provide
• is a water remediation technique that
involves the uptake of contaminants
by plant roots
• used to reduce contamination in
natural wetlands and estuary areas