Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 22
Introduction
The ability of the body to ward off disease is called resistance, and the converse is susceptibility. Pathogens:disease producing microbes. Nonspecific resistance includes dense mechanisms that provide immediate but general protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens. Specific resistance or immunity develops more slowly and involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance. The body system responsible for immunity is the lymphatic system.
Inflammation
Cells damaged by microbes or physical or chemical agents can also initiate a defensive response called inflammation. Signs are redness, pain, heat and swelling. Inflammation traps microbes, toxins and foreign material at the site of injury and prepares the site for injury repair. It helps restore tissue homeostasis.
Stages of Inflammation
Vasodilation and increased permeability: more blood flows and allows for antibodies, clotting proteins and phagocytes to pass out readily. This is done by release of histamine by mast cells, basophils and platelets. Kinins. Prostaglandinsintensify the effect. Leukotrines:basophils and mast cells inc. permeability. Complement-promote phagocytosis. This produces heat, redness(erythema) and edema
Stages of Inflammation
Phagocyte emigration (diapedesis): this depends on chemotaxis. Neutrophils, kinins, complement. Inc in WBCsleukocytosis. Neutrophils dominate first. Monocytes follow which then transform to macrophages. tissue repair-pus formation. Pus is destroyed and over a period of days is destroyed.
Fever
Fever is an abnormally high body temperature. It occurs during infection and inflammation. Elevated temp. intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits growth of microbes and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.
Specific Resistance-Immunity
Defense against specific antigens is immunity. Diff. From non-specific in two ways: specificity and memory. Immunolgy immune system
Antigens
Antigens have two important characteristicsimmunogenecity and reactivity Immunogenecity: ability to provoke an immune response. Reactivity-ability of antigen to react specifically with an antibody. Complete antigen has both. Entire microbe or parts of microbe can act as antigens. Antigens that get past nonspecific defense have three routes-enter blood stream and are deposited in the spleen, enter lymphatic vessels and reach lymph nodes or lodge in MALT.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
This begins with activation -antigen recognition and costimulation-of a small number of T cells by a specific antigen. Then proliferation and differentiation into clone of effector cells. This occurs in secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. Finally elimination of intruder.
Types of T cells
Helper T cells-T4 (CD4) cells. Cytotoxic T cells-T8 (CD8) or killer T cells. Memory T cells-T cells that remain from a proliferated clone after a cell mediated response. Cytotoxic cells are the actual eliminators. By perforin or lymphotoxin mechanisms.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
In the presence of a foreign antigen, specific B cells in the spleen, lymph nodes or lymphatic tissue in GI tract become activated. They differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies which in turn circulates in the lymph and blood to reach the site of invasion. The ones that do not differentiate as plasma cells remain as memory B cells that are ready to respond more rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen reappear at a future time.
Antibodies
An antibody can specifically combine with the epitope of an antigen. Its structure matches its antigen much as a lock fits a specific key. Antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins called globulins, called immunoglobulins. (IgGs). Most antibodies contain four polypeptide chains-two are identical and are called H chains, the other two also identical are the light L chains. Within each H and L chains are two regions V-antigen binding site and C-constant region. Constant region of H varies between IgG,IgA,IgM,IgDandIgE.
Action of Antibodies
Neutralization:neutralizes the damaging effect. Immobilization of bacteria: bacteria lose motility. Agglutination and precipitation of antigen:clumping together. Activation of complement: enhancement of phagocytosis: they enhance the activation of phagocytes by causing agglutination and precipitation, by activating complement and by coating microbes making them more susceptible-opsonization.
Complement System
This is a defensive system consisting of plasma proteins that attack and destroy microbes. It is an ordered sequence or cascade of reactions. Two-classical and alternate. In classical the antibody binds to antigen. In alternate there is interaction between polysac.on surface of microbe and factors B,D and P. The consequence of the two are: activation of inflammation,, opsonization and cytolysis.
Immunological Memory
Immunization against certain microbes is possible because memory B cells and memory T cells remain after a primary response. The secondary response provides protection should the same microbe enter the body again. Active immunity vs. passive immunity. Natural vs. artificial.