GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

CRC 1004

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Definition, components Data acquisition and data management manipulation and analysis. Database Structures and database management, Data Structures for representing the geometry of a spatial phenomena, Raster and Vector Models Data Input, Verification, Storage and Output Coordinate Systems and Geo-referencing Concepts of coordinate systems Concepts of map projections classification of map projections, selecting a suitable map projection

Creating continuous surfaces from Point data, Methods of interpolation, Global Interpolation- classificationmodels, Trend Surfaces, Local, deterministic methods for interpolation-nearest neighbors, inverse distance, Splines, Digital Elevation Models and 3D analysis. Optimal interpolation using Geo statistics, Krigging Analysis of discrete entities in space, Operation on attributes, buffering, connectivity and network analysis. Spatial Analysis using continuous fields, Interpolation, Spatial filtering, derivatives of continuous surface, deriving surface topology and drainage networks, clumping, view sheds, shaded relief, Irradiance. Sources of errors in spatial data, factors affecting reliability of spatial data

References Meijentric etal, Introduction to the use of GIS for practical Hydrology, Publication No.23, The International Institute of Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences(ITC), The Netherlands, 1994 Burrough and McDonnel, Principles of Geographical Information System, Oxford University Press, 1998 Bruce E Davis, GIS: A Visual Approach , Onword Press, Canada 2001 Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perception. WDL Publications, Ottawa, 1989 M Anji Reddy, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, B S Publications, Hyderabad, 2001 Note : 20% choice may be given while setting the question paper

Definition of GIS

Powerful set of tools for

collecting storing retrieving at will transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes

Data and Information

Data
Collection of facts or figures that pertains to places, people, things, events and concepts Represented by
Numeric values, alphanumeric characters, symbols, signals

Information
Data transformed to a form that is meaningful to a user Processed or value added data

Database Management

Structuring Data

Formatting
Conversion Modelling Information System

Information

Fig. Transformation of data into information

Geographical or spatial data represents phenomena from real world in terms of

Their position with respect to a known coordinate system Their attributes that are unrelated Their spatial interrelations with each other

Components of GIS

Three important components

Computer hardware Sets of application software modules Proper organisational context including skilled people

Computer Hardware
Computer Digitiser or scanner Plotter or printer Electronic networks

GIS Software

Functional groups
Data input and verification Data storage and database management Data output and presentation Data transformation Interaction with the user

Data Input

User Interface

Geographic Database

Display and Reporting

Transformation

The main software components of a GIS

Data Input

Covers all aspects of capturing spatial data from

Existing maps Field observations And sensors including aerial photography, satellites and recording

And converting them to a standard digital form

Maps

Aerial photographs

Sensors

Field observations

Computer Key board

Digitisers

Stereo Scanner Plotter

Magnetic and optical media

DATA INPUT

Data collection and Input

Data storage and database management system

Concerns the way in which data about

Location Linkages ( topology) Attributes of geographical elements (points, lines, areas and more complex entities)

Are structured and organised both by

The way in which they are handled in the computer Perceived by the user

Database

GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE
Location

Topology

Attributes

Management system The components of Geographic database

Database Management system

The computer programme used to organise the database- DBMS

Data output and presentation

The ways data are displayed How the results of analysis are reported to the users

Data Output Display and Reporting

Computer Screen

Printer

Paper or film Plotter

Magnetic and optical media

Maps Tables

Graphs

Video

Data Output

Data transformation
Transformation needed to remove errors from data or to bring them up to date or to match them to other data sets Large array of analysis methods applied to the data to achieve answers the questions asked of the GIS

Transformations can be spatial, topological, non spatial aspects of data

TRANSFORMATION

Maintenance and updating

Utilisation and Analysis

Data transformation

User interface
Menu driven commands Command language interpreter

Data Input

User Interface

Geographic Database

Display and Reporting

Transformation

The main software components of a GIS