MULTIPATH AND DOPPLER EFFECTS

Path loss models have been used to estimate the average RSS for a given point some distance from the transmitter Multipath delay spreading leads to both time dispersion and frequency selective fading Doppler effects leads to both frequency dispersion and time selective fading Fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal on certain propagation media In wireless , fading may be due to multipath propagation or due to shadowing

Wireless communication coding techniques

Techniques are implemented at the transmitter in an attempt to increase transmitted signal immunity to radio channel In addition to use of coding to reduce & detect errors during transmission, extensive block codes are used to provide enhanced data transmission over the radio link

Error detection and coding

Errors in wireless system occurs in bursts ECC is used to denote a technique that codes transmitted bits in a way that attempts to control the overall bit error rate Voice data traffic can accept much higher BER than transfer of packet data information ARQ schemes Block codes can be used to determine whether an error has occurred during transmission Block, convolution, turbo codes are used to enhance transmission of packet data over wireless system

Block codes
In this system a block of data bits is encoded on another block of bits with some additional bits that are used to detect errors Ex : single parity bit Codeword generated by a polynomial is a form of cyclic code and is known as CRC To transmit a message over the control channel, GSM takes a block of 184 bits and adds 40 parity check bits to generate a 224 bit codeword before it is sent to a convolutional encoder

Convolutional and turbo encoders

In this system a continuous stream of bits is mapped into an output stream with redundancy This redundancy is depended upon the incoming bits and preceding bits This provides a better FEC Turbo encoders are modified form of combined convolutional encoders that can be used to create a new class It is constructed from two systematic, recursive, convolutional encoders connected in parallel with an interleaver preceding the input to the second convolutional encoder

BLOCK INTERLEAVING
It is a technique used by mobile wireless systems to combat the effects of bit errors introduced during transmission of a frame Basic idea is ECC used by the system may be able to correct one bit error out of a block of 8 bits If the bits of block can be interleaved with the bits from other blocks then burst of six errors can be spread out over six other blocks

Speech coding
The system takes 20ms segments of encoded speech and process into lower bit rate digitally encoded speech Two types of speech coders are available: Waveform coders: PCM Vocoders : RPE- LTE( regular pulse excitation) In GSM speech may be transmitted at full rate, half or enhanced full rate Full rate speech coder delivers a block of 260 bits every 20 ms(13kbps) to the channel encoder

Typical GSM System Hardware

BSC PARTS
Base station controller 1. Specific BSC parts 2. BSC radio network operations Group switch, sub-rate switch exchange/interface circuits, transcoder rate adaptation unit, system control, power supply, and environmental conditioning unit Exchange/interface unit are basically multiplexer/demux unit Connection from MSC to BSC provides 64 kbps PCM voice signals 64kbps voice signal must be demultiplexed at the BSC to provide individual signals to the group switch

BSC PARTS(contd)
Transcoder performs translation of 64kbps PCM into digitally encoded speech at rate of 13kbps towards the RBS and reverses the process towards the MSC PCU provides interface between the SGSN of the GPRS PLM network and RBS for the transmission of data over the GSM air interface with data rate of 16kbps OMT is provided by the BSC that allows for control maintenance of the BSC systems

Radio base station

Radio base station subsystems Distribution switch unit, timing and control, transmitter/receiver units, and combining and distribution units RBS transceiver unit Signal processing and control subsystem, transmitter units, and receiver units It includes a memory unit that stores the most recent installation database, various alarm indicators, and communication interface that allows an operator to configure various operational parameters and perform maintenance functions through OMT software

Radio base station

Communication link exist between RBS and BSC to provide transfer of data and network signalling messages