Chapter 5 Miller

Chapter 5
Climate and Terrestrial

Biodiversity
Chapter Overview Questions
 What factors the earth’s climate?
 How does climate determine where the
earth’s major biome’s are found?
 What are the major types of desert biomes?
 What are the major types of grassland
biomes?
Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)
 What are the major types of forest and
mountain biomes?
 How have human activities affected the
world’s desert, grassland, forest, and
mountain biomes?
Updates Online
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
 InfoTrac: Of Chicks and Frogs. Steven Pinker. Forbes,

August 14, 2006 v178 i3 p40.
 InfoTrac: Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It's All In the Genes.
Nicholas Wade. The New York Times, July 25, 2006 pF1(L).
 InfoTrac: Ancient shrub unlocks a clue to Darwin's
'abominable mystery.’ The Christian Science Monitor, May
18, 2006 p02.
 The Jane Goodall Institute
 Natural History Museum: Ancient Birds
Core Case Study
Blowing in the Wind:
A Story of Connections
 Wind connects
most life on earth.
 Keeps tropics from
being unbearably
hot.
 Prevents rest of
world from
freezing.
Figure 5-1
CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
 Weather is a local area’s short-term physical

conditions such as temperature and
precipitation.
 Climate is a region’s average weather
conditions over a long time.

Latitude and elevation help determine climate.
Earth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 5-2
Solar Energy and Global Air
Circulation: Distributing Heat
 Global air
circulation is
affected by the
uneven heating of
the earth’s surface
by solar energy,
seasonal changes
in temperature and
precipitation.
Figure 5-3
Winter
Spring (northern hemisphere 23.5 °
(sun aims directly tilts away from sun)
at equator)
Solar
radiation
Summer
(northern hemisphere
tilts toward sun)
Fall
(sun aims directly at equator)
Fig. 5-3, p. 102
Coriolis Effect
 Global air
circulation is
affected by the
rotation of the
earth on its axis.
Figure 5-4
Cold deserts
Westerlies
Forests
Northeast trades Hot deserts
Forests
Equator
Southeast trades Hot deserts
Westerlies Forests
Cold deserts
Fig. 5-4, p. 102
Convection Currents
 Global air
circulation is
affected by the
properties of air
water, and land.
Figure 5-5
LOW HIGH
PRESSURE Heat released PRESSURE
radiates to space Condensation
Cool, dry and
air precipitation
Falls, is compressed, Rises, expands, cools

warms
Warm, Hot, wet

dry air air
Flows toward low pressure,
picks up moisture and heat
HIGH Moist surface warmed LOW
PRESSURE by sun PRESSURE
Fig. 5-5, p. 103

Convection Cells
 Heat and moisture
are distributed over
the earth’s surface by
vertical currents,
which form six giant
convection cells at
different latitudes.
Figure 5-6
Cold, Cell 3 North
dry air
falls
Moist air rises — rain
Polar cap
Arctic tundra Cell 2 North
Evergreen
60° coniferous forest Cool, dry
air falls
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
30° Tropical Desert Cell 1 North
deciduous
forest
Moist air rises,
0° Equator Tropical cools, and releases
rain forest Moisture as rain
Tropical
deciduous
30° forest
Desert
Temperate Cell 1 South
deciduous Cool, dry
60° forest and
air falls
grassland
Polar cap Cell 2 South
Cold,
Moist air rises — rain
dry air
falls
Cell 3 South
Fig. 5-6, p. 103
Ocean Currents:
Distributing Heat and Nutrients
 Ocean currents influence climate by

distributing heat from place to place and
mixing and distributing nutrients.
Figure 5-7
(a) Rays of sunlight (b) The earth's surface absorbs (c) As concentrations of
penetrate the lower much of the incoming solar radiation greenhouse gases rise,
atmosphere and and degrades it to longer-wavelength their molecules absorb
warm the earth's infrared (IR) radiation, which rises and emit more infrared
surface. into the lower atmosphere. Some of this radiation, which adds
IR radiation escapes into space as heat, more heat to the lower
and some is absorbed by molecules of atmosphere.
greenhouse gases and emitted as even
longer-wavelength IR radiation, which
warms the lower atmosphere.
Fig. 5-7, p. 104

Ocean Currents:
Distributing Heat and Nutrients
 Global warming:

Considerable scientific evidence and climate
models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse
gases from anthropogenic activities into the
troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse
effect and change the earth’s climate in your
lifetime.
Video: Global Warming
 This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Environmental Science, 2004,
Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
Topography and Local Climate:
Land Matters
 Interactions between land and oceans and

disruptions of airflows by mountains and
cities affect local climates.
Figure 5-8
Prevailing winds On the windward On the leeward side of
pick up moisture side of a mountain range, the mountain range, air
from an ocean. air rises, cools, and descends, warms, and
releases moisture. Releases little moisture.
Dry
habitats
Moist
habitats
Fig. 5-8, p. 105

BIOMES:
CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
 Different climates lead to different
communities of organisms, especially
vegetation.
 Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized
by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.
 Each biome contains many ecosystems whose
communities have adapted to differences in
climate, soil, and other environmental factors.
BIOMES:
Figure 5-9
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
High mountains
Polar ice
Polar grassland (arctic
tundra) Tropic of
Temperate grassland Capricorn
Tropical grassland
(savanna)
Chaparral
Coniferous forest
Temperate deciduous forest
Tropical forest
Desert
Fig. 5-9, p. 106

BIOMES:
 Biome type is determined by precipitation,

temperature and soil type Figure 5-10
ld
Co Polar
Tundra
Subpolar
Coniferous Temperate
forest
Desert
Deciduous Grassland
Forest Tropical
Chaparral
Hot
Desert
W Savanna
et Rain forest y
Tropical Dr
seasonal Scrubland
forest
Fig. 5-10, p. 107

BIOMES:
 Parallel changes occur in vegetation type

occur when we travel from the equator to the
poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.
Figure 5-11
Elevation Mountain
ice and snow
Tundra
(herbs,
lichens,
mosses)
Coniferous
Forest
Latitude
Deciduous
Forest
Tropical
Forest
Tropical Deciduous Coniferous Tundra Polar

Forest Forest Forest (herbs, ice
lichens, and
mosses) snow
Fig. 5-11, p. 108

DESERT BIOMES
 Deserts are areas where evaporation
exceeds precipitation.
 Deserts have little precipitation and little
vegetation.
 Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions.
 Desert plants have adaptations that help
them stay cool and get enough water.
Video: Desertification
 This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Environmental Science, 2004,
Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
DESERT BIOMES
 Variations in
annual
temperature (red)
and precipitation
(blue) in tropical,
temperate and
cold deserts.
Figure 5-12
Tropical Desert
Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Mean monthly temperature (°C)
Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-12a, p. 109

Temperate Desert

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-12b, p. 109

Polar Desert

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-12c, p. 109

DESERT BIOMES
 The flora and
fauna in desert
ecosystems
adapt to their
environment
through their
behavior and
physiology.
Figure 5-13
Red-tailed hawk
Gambel's
Quail
Yucca
Jack Agave
rabbit Collared
lizard
Prickly
pear
cactus
Roadrunner
Darkling
Beetle
Bacteria
Diamondback
rattlesnake Fungi
Kangaroo rat
Producer Primary Secondary
to primary to to All producers and
consumer secondary higher-level consumers to
consumer consumer decomposers Fig. 5-13, p. 110
GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL
BIOMES
 Variations in
annual
temperature
(red) and
precipitation
(blue).
Figure 5-14
Tropical grassland (savanna)

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-14a, p. 112

Temperate grassland

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-14b, p. 112

Polar grassland (arctic tundra)

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-14c, p. 112

GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL
BIOMES
 Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too

moist for desert and too dry for forests.
 Savannas are tropical grasslands with
scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.
Temperate Grasslands
 The cold winters and

hot dry summers
have deep and
fertile soil that make
them ideal for
growing crops and
grazing cattle.
Figure 5-15
Temperate Grasslands
 Temperate tall-
grass prairie
ecosystem in North
America.
Figure 5-16
Golden eagle
Pronghorn
antelope
Coyote Grasshopper
sparrow
Grasshopper
Blue stem
grass
Prairie
dog
Bacteria
Fungi
Prairie
Coneflower
to to All producers and
to primary consumers to
consumer secondary higher-level
Polar Grasslands
 Polar grasslands
are covered with ice
and snow except
during a brief
summer.
Figure 5-17
Long-tailed jaeger
Grizzly bear
Caribou
Mosquito
Snowy owl
Horned lark Arctic
fox
Willow
ptarmigan
Dwarf
Willow
Lemming
Mountain
Cranberry
Moss campion
Chaparral
 Chaparral has a
moderate
climate but its
dense thickets of
spiny shrubs are
subject to
periodic fires.
Figure 5-18
FOREST BIOMES
 Variations in annual
temperature (red)
and precipitation
(blue) in tropical,
temperate, and
polar forests.
Figure 5-19
Tropical rain forest

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-19a, p. 116

Temperate deciduous forest

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-19b, p. 116

Polar evergreen coniferous forest
(boreal forest, taiga)

Freezing point
Month
Fig. 5-19c, p. 116

FOREST BIOMES
 Forests have enough precipitation to support

stands of trees and are found in tropical,
temperate, and polar regions.
Tropical Rain Forest
 Tropical rain forests
have heavy rainfall
and a rich diversity
of species.
 Found near the
equator.

Have year-round
uniformity warm
temperatures and
high humidity.
Figure 5-20
Blue and Harpy Ocelot
gold macaw eagle
Squirrel
monkeys
Climbing
monstera
palm
Slaty-tailed Katydid
trogon
Green tree snake
Tree frog
Ants
Bacteria Bromeliad
Fungi

Tropical Rain Forest
 Filling such niches enables species to avoid

or minimize competition and coexist
Figure 5-21
Emergent
layer
Harpy
eagle
Toco
toucan
Height (meters)
Canopy
Understory
Woolly
opossum
Shrub
layer
Brazilian
tapir Ground
Black-crowned layer
antipitta
Fig. 5-21, p. 118
Temperate Deciduous Forest
 Most of the trees
survive winter by
dropping their
leaves, which
decay and
produce a
nutrient-rich soil.
Figure 5-22
Broad-winged
hawk
Hairy
Woodpecker
Gray
Squirrel
White oak
White-footed
mouse
Metallic
wood-boring
White-tailed beetle and
deer Larvae
Mountain
Winterberry
Shagbark hickory
May beetle
Racer
Long-tailed
Fungi weasel
Bacteria Wood frog

Evergreen Coniferous Forests
 Consist mostly of
cone-bearing
evergreen trees
that keep their
needles year-round
to help the trees
survive long and
cold winters.
Figure 5-23
Blue jay Great
horned
owl
Balsam fir Marten
Moose
White
Spruce
Wolf
Bebb
willow Pine sawyer
beetle
and larvae
Snowshoe
hare
Fungi
Starflower
Bacteria Bunchberry
Producer Primary Secondary to All producers and

to primary to secondary higher-level consumers to
consumer consumer consumer decomposers Fig. 5-23, p. 121
Temperate Rain Forests
 Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing

evergreen trees such as redwoods and
Douglas fir in a cool moist environment.
Figure 5-24
MOUNTAIN BIOMES
 High-elevation
islands of
biodiversity
 Often have snow-
covered peaks that
reflect solar
radiation and
gradually release
water to lower-
elevation streams
and ecosystems.
Figure 5-25
HUMAN IMPACTS ON
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
 Human activities have damaged or disturbed
more than half of the world’s terrestrial
ecosystems.
 Humans have had a number of specific
harmful effects on the world’s deserts,
grasslands, forests, and mountains.
Natural Capital Degradation
Desert
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road

vehicles
Soil salinization from

irrigation
Depletion of groundwater
Land disturbance and

pollution from mineral
extraction
Fig. 5-26, p. 123

Grasslands
Conversion to cropland
Release of CO2 to atmosphere

from grassland burning
Overgrazing by livestock
Oil production and off-road

vehicles in arctic tundra
Fig. 5-27, p. 123

Forests
Clearing for agriculture, livestock

grazing, timber, and urban
development
Conversion of diverse forests to tree

plantations
Damage from off-road vehicles
Pollution of forest streams
Fig. 5-28, p. 124

Mountains
Agriculture
Timber extraction
Mineral extraction
Hydroelectric dams and
reservoirs
Increasing tourism
Urban air pollution
Increased ultraviolet radiation

from ozone depletion
Soil damage from off-road
vehicles
Fig. 5-29, p. 124

Chapter 5 Miller

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Chapter 5

Climate and Terrestrial

 InfoTrac: Of Chicks and Frogs. Steven Pinker. Forbes,

 Weather is a local area’s short-term physical

Northeast trades Hot deserts

Southeast trades Hot deserts

Falls, is compressed, Rises, expands, cools

Warm, Hot, wet

Fig. 5-5, p. 103

Polar cap Cell 2 South

 Ocean currents influence climate by

Fig. 5-7, p. 104

 Interactions between land and oceans and

Fig. 5-8, p. 105

Fig. 5-9, p. 106

 Biome type is determined by precipitation,

Fig. 5-10, p. 107

 Parallel changes occur in vegetation type

Tropical Deciduous Coniferous Tundra Polar

Fig. 5-11, p. 108

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-12a, p. 109

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-12b, p. 109

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-12c, p. 109

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-14a, p. 112

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-14b, p. 112

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-14c, p. 112

 Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too

 The cold winters and

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-19a, p. 116

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-19b, p. 116

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Fig. 5-19c, p. 116

 Forests have enough precipitation to support

Producer Primary Secondary

 Filling such niches enables species to avoid

Producer Primary Secondary

Balsam fir Marten

Producer Primary Secondary to All producers and

 Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing

Large desert cities

Soil destruction by off-road

Soil salinization from

Land disturbance and

Fig. 5-26, p. 123

Release of CO2 to atmosphere

Oil production and off-road

Fig. 5-27, p. 123

Clearing for agriculture, livestock

Conversion of diverse forests to tree

Damage from off-road vehicles

Pollution of forest streams

Fig. 5-28, p. 124

Urban air pollution

Increased ultraviolet radiation

Fig. 5-29, p. 124