CHP 08

FIGURE 8-1
Symbol for a sinusoidal voltage source.
Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition
Copyright 2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
FIGURE 8-2
Graph of one cycle of a sine wave.
FIGURE 8-3
Alternating current and voltage.
FIGURE 8-4
The period of a given sine wave is the same for each cycle.
FIGURE 8-5
FIGURE 8-6
FIGURE 8-7
Measurement of the period of a sine wave.
FIGURE 8-8
Illustration of frequency.
FIGURE 8-9
FIGURE 8-10 The mechanical ac generator, cutaway view (courtesy of General Electric).
FIGURE 8-11 Basic ac generator operation.
FIGURE 8-12 One revolution of the wire loop generates one cycle of the sinusoidal voltage.
FIGURE 8-13 Frequency is directly proportional to the rate of rotation of the wire loop in an ac generator.
FIGURE 8-14 Four poles achieve a higher frequency than two poles for the same rps.
FIGURE 8-16 Example of instantaneous values of a sinusoidal voltage.
FIGURE 8-17 Peak values.
FIGURE 8-18 Peak-to-peak value.
FIGURE 8-19 When the same amount of heat is being produced in both setups, the sinusoidal voltage has an rms value equal to the dc voltage.
FIGURE 8-20 Half-cycle average value.
FIGURE 8-21
FIGURE 8-22 Relationship of a sine wave to the rotational motion in an ac generator.
FIGURE 8-23 Angular measurement showing relationship of the radian to degrees.
FIGURE 8-24 Angular measurements starting at 0 and going counterclockwise.
FIGURE 8-25 Sine wave angles.
FIGURE 8-26 Phase reference.
FIGURE 8-27 Illustration of a phase shift.
FIGURE 8-28
FIGURE 8-29
FIGURE 8-30 One cycle of a generic sine wave showing amplitude and phase.
FIGURE 8-31 Illustration of the instantaneous value of a voltage sine wave at = 60
FIGURE 8-32 Sine wave represented by a rotating phasor.
FIGURE 8-33 Right triangle derivation of sine wave formula, v = Vp sin .
FIGURE 8-34 Shifted sine waves.
FIGURE 8-35
FIGURE 8-36 A sinusoidal voltage produces a sinusoidal current.
FIGURE 8-37
FIGURE 8-38 Illustration of Kirchhoffs voltage law in an ac circuit.
FIGURE 8-39
FIGURE 8-40 Superimposed dc and ac voltages.
FIGURE 8-41 Sine waves with dc levels.
FIGURE 8-42
FIGURE 8-43
FIGURE 8-44 Ideal pulses.
FIGURE 8-45 Nonideal pulse.
FIGURE 8-46 Repetitive pulse waveforms.
FIGURE 8-47
FIGURE 8-48 Square wave.
FIGURE 8-49
FIGURE 8-50 Ramps.
FIGURE 8-51
FIGURE 8-52 Alternating triangular waveform.
FIGURE 8-53 Nonalternating triangular waveform.
FIGURE 8-54 Alternating sawtooth waveform.
FIGURE 8-55 Odd harmonics combine to produce a square wave.
FIGURE 8-56
FIGURE 8-58 Atypical dual-channel digital oscilloscope.
FIGURE 8-59 Connection for voltage probe compensation.
FIGURE 8-60 Compensation waveforms and typical voltage probe adjustment.
FIGURE 8-61
FIGURE 8-62 A typical dual-channel analog oscilloscope.
FIGURE 8-63
FIGURE 8-64 Proper triggering stabilizes a repeating waveform.
FIGURE 8-65 Function generator.
FIGURE 8-66
FIGURE 8-67
FIGURE 8-68
FIGURE 8-69
FIGURE 8-70
FIGURE 8-71
FIGURE 8-72
FIGURE 8-73
FIGURE 8-74
FIGURE 8-75
FIGURE 8-76
FIGURE 8-77
FIGURE 8-78
FIGURE 8-79
FIGURE 8-80
FIGURE 8-81
FIGURE 8-82
FIGURE 8-83
FIGURE 8-84
FIGURE 8-85

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FIGURE 8-1

Symbol for a sinusoidal voltage source.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Graph of one cycle of a sine wave.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Alternating current and voltage.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Measurement of the period of a sine wave.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-11 Basic ac generator operation.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-16 Example of instantaneous values of a sinusoidal voltage.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-17 Peak values.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-18 Peak-to-peak value.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-20 Half-cycle average value.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-22 Relationship of a sine wave to the rotational motion in an ac generator.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-23 Angular measurement showing relationship of the radian to degrees.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-24 Angular measurements starting at 0 and going counterclockwise.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-25 Sine wave angles.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-26 Phase reference.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-27 Illustration of a phase shift.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-31 Illustration of the instantaneous value of a voltage sine wave at = 60

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-32 Sine wave represented by a rotating phasor.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-33 Right triangle derivation of sine wave formula, v = Vp sin .

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-34 Shifted sine waves.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-36 A sinusoidal voltage produces a sinusoidal current.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-38 Illustration of Kirchhoffs voltage law in an ac circuit.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition

FIGURE 8-40 Superimposed dc and ac voltages.

Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications, Fifth Edition