MAterial - Ch17

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

1
TORSION

2
TORSION
Introduction
Uniform and Non-Uniform Torsion
Non-Uniform Torsion
An Approximate Method of Torsion
Analysis
The Effect of Torsional Rigidity (GJ )
and Warping Rigidity(EI )
Conclusions

3
INTRODUCTION
In a transversely loaded beam if the resultant force
passes through the longitudinal shear centre axis, the
beam only bends and no torsion occurs.

When the resultant acts away from the shear centre axis,
then the beam will not only bend but also twist.

If a beam is subjected to a twisting moment, the
assumption of planarity is simply incorrect except for
solid circular sections and for hollow circular sections
with constant thickness.

4
UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM
TORSION
Shear Centre and Warping

Shear Centre is defined as the point in the cross-
section through which the lateral (or transverse)
loads must pass to produce bending without
twisting

Warping of the section does not allow an initially
plane section to remain as plane after twisting

5
UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM TORSION - 2
Classification of Torsion

1. Uniform or Pure Torsion (called St. Venant's
torsion) - T
sv

2. Non-Uniform Torsion, consisting of St.Venant's
torsion (T
sv
) and warping torsion (T
w
).

6
Uniform Torsion in a Circular Cross Section
Z
T
T
|
Twisting of circular section

7
In this case, plane cross sections normal to the
axis of the member remain plane after twisting,
i.e. there is no warping.
For a circular section, the St. Venant's torsion is
given by
dz
d
G I T
p sv
|
=
where, | - angle of twist
G - modulus of rigidity
T
sv
- St. Venant's torsion.
I
p
- the polar moment of inertia
z - direction along axis of the member

8
Uniform Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

When a torque is applied to a non-circular cross
section , the transverse sections which are plane
prior to twisting, warp in the axial direction
dz
d
JG T
sv
|
=
where J = C. bt
3

9
T
T
Uniform Torsion (Constant Torque :
Ends are free to warp)

b
i

t
i

Thin walled open section
made of rectangular elements

10
t
t
in flange
t
t
in web
Stress pattern due to pure torsion

11
NON-UNIFORM TORSION
Non uniform Torsion:Twisting of Non-Circular Section restrained
against free warping (Constant Torque : End warping is prevented )

h
u
|
V
f

V
f

T
a

T
a

Z
X

12
NON-UNIFORM TORSION - 2
Torsion in simply
supported beam
with free end warping
Bending Moment
Shear Force
Pure Torsion
(T
P
)
Warping
Torsion (T
w
)
Total Torsion
(T
n
)
e

e

13
NON-UNIFORM TORSION - 3
Torsion in
Cantilevers
Bending moment
(M)
Shear force
(V)
Pure Torsion
(T
p
)
Warping Torsion
(T
w
)
Total Torsion
(T
n
)

14
An Approximate Method of Torsion Analysis
H
Load P
Y
acting eccentrically w.r.t. y axis and causing torsion
=
h
+
X
Y
P
Y
e
X
P
Y

+
+
H
P
Y
.e
X
Warping stresses due
to bi moment
= P
Y
.e
X
/h
Load P
X
acting eccentrically
and causing torsion.

|
Rotation of the cross section
=
+
Y
X
e
Y

P
X

P
X

+
H
P
X
.e
Y

H
+
= P
X
.e
Y
/h

15
An Approximate Method of Torsion Analysis - 2
Y
|
Rotation of
cross section
Warping Stresses in Open Cross Section
H
H
Warping
normal
stress(o
w
)
In-plane
bending
moment in
the flange
Warping
shear
stress
(T
w
)
Flange
shears
Z
X

16
An Approximate Method of Torsion Analysis -3
The magnitude of the warping normal stress at any
particular point (o
w
) in the cross section is given by
o
w
= - EW
nwfs
|''
W
nwfs
= normalised warping function at a particular point S in the
cross section

The magnitude of the warping shear stress at any given
point is given by
t
ES
wms
w
|
t
' ' '
=
S
wms
= Warping statical moment of area at a particular point S

17
The Effect of Torsional Rigidity (GJ )
and Warping Rigidity (EI )

When the torsional rigidity (GJ ) is very large
compared to the warping rigidity, EI, then the
section will effectively be in "uniform torsion".

If GJ is very small compared with EI, the member
will effectively be subjected to warping torsion.

18
The Effect of Torsional Rigidity (GJ ) and Warping Rigidity (EI ) - 2
End Conditions

The end support conditions of the member
Influence the torsional behaviour significantly
Torsion fixed, Warping fixed :

Torsion fixed, Warping free :

Torsion free, Warping free :

19
Procedures for checking adequacy in Flexure (fill)

G
A
y
t

20
Cross Sectional Properties for Symmetrical I and
H Sections
( ) | |
w w
f f f
y
wms
nwfs
y
A
Q
y A Q
h I
T B h
S
B h
W
t T D BT J
2
.
4
16
4
2 2
3
1
2
2
3 3
=
=
=
=
=
+ =

21
B
T
t
D
h
X X X X
A
f

y
f

y
w

X X
Half the area= 0.5A

22
Uniform torsion applied to the beam would cause a
twist
Non-uniform torsion will cause both twisting and
warping of the cross section
Analysis of a beam subjected to torsional moment is
outlined
Simple methods of evaluating the torsional effects are
discussed
CONCLUSIONS

23
THANK YOU

MAterial - Ch17

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MAterial - Ch17

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

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