By V.

Parameswari A0104394J

The process of deterioration of reinforcement due to chemical or electrochemical change caused in presence of moisture. It is a process of returning of a metal to its original state(ore) by oxidation. 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + H2O(l) Fe(OH)2

Removal of damaged concrete as it may contain cracks, delamination, etc If the reinforcing member has rust should be cleaned and a protective coat may be applied. Highly corroded steel area which needs replacement. Replace the removed concrete which prevents the ingress of corrosion.

PHYSICAL INSPECTION

MATERIAL TEST

STUDY OF DOCUMENTS

ESTIMATION OF LOAD ACTING

ESTIMATING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DIAGONOSIS

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS NO IS DIAGONOSIS CONFIRMED YES ESTIMATION FOR FUTURE USE ASSESMENT OF STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY LOAD TEST CHOICE OF ACTION

One of the cause for corrosion in underground MRT tunnel is water infiltration. The cracks and rust strains are formed on reinforced concrete lining segments may be due to Chlorine attack Carbonation Sulfate attack Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) Delayed ettringite formation(DEF)

Soils containing sulphates of calcium sodium, potassium and magnesium are the primary source of sulphate ions in groundwater. A high sulphate content in water is generally indicative of the presence of magnesium and alkali sulphates. In combination with ammonium, chloride, nitrate and carbonate ions the sulphate ion attack is more severe. The sulfate attack on concrete manifests itself in the form of expansion, cracking, loss of mass and/or disintegration. As far as corrosion in underground tunnel DEF will be the major problem. It is a special case of sulphate attack where sulphate ions are formed within the concrete. It causes swelling of concrete and thus forming map cracking.

In Singapore, MRT are operated all throughout the day. The possibility of executing the repair strategies in during the night time from 12am to 5.30am. Since the testing also done in the night temperature limits are not taken into account. If temperature is considered there could be more concentration of corrosion. And can also be done at the intervals of two trains arrival about 10 min gaps. The regions which needs repairing can be separated into different parts so that job can be carried out day by day without interruption of traffic. Planning and scheduling the repairing works for each day. Involving a small group of skilled labours to complete the work in time, economically and efficiently.

Half cell potential Ultra sonic pulse velocity (UPV)

Measured by using a digital voltmeter and corrosion of reinforcements are studied at several points.

The results are plotted to get the contour map of corrosion of reinforcement.

In tunnels ,indirect transmission method can be followed because only one face of the concrete is accessible.
T R

KEY T-Transmitter R-Receiver

The dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete is measured by measuring the velocity of ultrasonic pulse through concrete. The test equipment has provisions for generating ultrasonic pulse, transmitting it to concrete, receiving and amplifying the pulse and measuring and displaying the pulse travel time. Good acoustic coupling between the transducers and concrete is to be established for correct measurement of the speed. By this technique one can assess the quality of concrete such as honey combing & compaction

UPV value in km/sec (V) V greater than 4.0 V between 3.5 and 4.0 V between 3.0 and 3.5

Concrete quality Very good Good, but may be porous Poor

V between 2.5 and 3.0

V between 2.0 and 2.5 V Less than 2.0 and reading

Very poor
Very poor and low integrity fluctuating No integrity, large voids suspected

Ultra sonic pulse velocity method is used to find out the internal cracks and depth of visible cracks causes by sulphate attack.

Strategy 1: Corrosion inhibitors Using high grade mix proportion with silica fumes as mortar Quick setting cement Epoxy injection and grouting

Strategy 2: Epoxy coating of reinforcement Strategy 3: Using zinc primer coating Strategy 4: Cathodic protection

The surface of the damaged area is removed as there will be map cracking due to sulphate attack. As the concrete cover is removed the reinforcement is exposed. If the reinforcement inside the old concrete had been severely damaged or had lost substantial proportion of its cross-sectional area by corrosion ,it may need to be replaced by new bars. Replacement is necessary if it had lost more than 10-20% of the cross-sectional area. Less corroded reinforcements are cleaned and worn out reinforcements are replaced. The old concrete surface at the back of the reinforcements are grouted with epoxy.

The new concrete cover is made with a high grade of mix proportions with silica fumes and quick setting compound like calcium phosphate is used. Quick Setting Concrete attains initial setting within15 minutes under normal conditions and should be placed immediately upon mixing. Leave at least 2 hours after setting before applying any load. It gives a good compressive strength at earliest time. Corrosion inhibitors like calcium nitrite is also added to the concrete. These admixture forms a passive film (-FeOOH)around the reinforcements and thus resisting from corrosion. It protects from chlorides and sulphates attack.

Silica fumes are added to Make the concrete dense and prevents from shrinkage cracks. To reduce the chloride associated corrosion and sulphate attack. To control alkali-silica reaction to conserve cement To produce ultra high strength of concrete.

Epoxy coating is a best way to prevent corrosion of reinforcement if it is done at the early stage. Since the reinforcement cannot be fully removed and coated with epoxy this method also fails. One more disadvantage is that when the epoxy coating breaks that acts as the anode and gets easily corroded.

Apply zinc primer coating on the reinforcements where zinc gets oxidized and acts as a sacrificial film. Application of zinc primer fails as the reinforcement has to be fully removed from the concrete structures. It is costly and time consuming.

Cathodic protection can be also adopted to resist the corrosion. The damaged concrete cover is removed. Sacrificial anodes (e.g.Zn,Mg) can be provided at definite intervals along with the reinforcements. Sacrificial anodes takes up the corrosion and they get easily oxidized. Thus preventing the reinforcement from corrosion. This method is time consuming .

The repair material used should be studied on the following properties to have a good bonding with the old concrete structures:
compatibility requirements of new and old materials

Compatibility in dimensional stability Shrinkage of concrete Thermal expansion of concrete and also some lab tests for bond strength , shear tests and compression and shear test had to be done.

The repaired works are monitored in a periodic intervals. The concrete is checked whether it had attained a good bonding with the old concrete. If any small cracks are formed during the time of monitoring, Drill in to the crack from the face of concrete Water or solvent is injected to flush the dirt and foreign matter. The surface is allowed to dry The Epoxy is injected until it floes out through the holes So it helps in preventing cracks in the future which will lead to corrosion.

From the above all methods using corrosion inhibitors in the concrete is the economical way. It does not require much skilled labours. As quick setting cement is used it will definitely will not hinder the traffic. Less time consumption. Number of labours required is also less. Materials used are cost effective.

REFERENCE MATERIALS:
Structural renovation in concrete,by Zongjin Li,Christopher Leung,and Yunping Xi published by Taylor & Francis 2009 Repair and protection of concrete structures, by Noel.Pmailvaganam,CRC Press,1992 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAlC75xG4qU http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/maintman00.cfm Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures. In Lindsay Kennedy (ed.) (1998), Concrete repair manual, pp. 453-474 (Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks.pdf) Diagnosis of Deterioration in Concrete Structures: Identification of Defects, Evaluation and Development of Remedial Action. In Lindsay Kennedy (ed.) (1998), Concrete repair manual, pp. 198-206 (Diagnosis of deterioration in concrete structures.pdf) Electrochemical Tests for Reinforcement Corrossion. In Lindsay Kennedy (ed.) (1998), Concrete repair manual, pp. 413, 424-431 (Electrochemical tests for reinforcement corrosion.pdf) Non-structural Cracks in Concrete. In Lindsay Kennedy (ed.) (1998), Concrete repair manual, pp. 475-497 pt. 1 (Non-structural cracks in concrete pt.1.pdf)