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The radius of an ellipsoid at a point between the transmitter and the receiver is
given by the following formula:
1/ 2
n λd1 d 2
Rn = (2)
d1 + d 2
or, in practical units:
1/ 2
n d1 d 2
Rn = 550 (3)
(d1 + d 2 ) f
where f is the frequency (MHz) and d1 and d2 are the distances (km) between transmitter
and receiver at the point where the ellipsoid radius (m) is calculated.
An approximation to the 0.6 Fresnel clearance path length
The path length which just achieves a clearance of 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone
over a smooth curved earth, for a given frequency and antenna heights h1 and h2,
is given approximately by:
D f ⋅ Dh
D06 = km (30)
D f +Dh
where:
Df : frequency-dependent term
=0.0000389 f h1 h 2 km (30a)
Dh : asymptotic term defined by horizon distances
θ>0
d1 h>0 d2
α1 α2
a)
α1 α2
h<0
d1 d2
θ<0
b)
FIGURE 7
Knife-edge diffraction loss
–2
8
J(ν) (dB)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
ν
0526-07
Atmospheric attenuation
• Starts becoming relevant above about 5 GHz
• Depends primarily, but not exclusively on water
vapour content of the atmosphere
• Varies according to location, altitude, path
elevation angle etc.
• Can add to system noise as well as attenuating
desired signal
• Precipatation has a significant effect
Specific attenuation due to atmospheric gases
10 2
2 H2O
10
2
Specific attenuation (dB/km)
10– 1
2
Total
Dry air Dry air
10 – 2
H 2O
10 – 3
2 5 2 5 2 3.5
1 10 10 2
Frequency, f (GHz)
0676-05
Pressure: 1 013 hPa
Temperature: 15° C
Water vapour: 7.5 g/m3
Propagation models
• The ITU recommendations give many
“approved” methods and models
• Two popular methods are are the
Okumura-Hata
and the
Longley Rice
FIGURE 18
2 000 MHz, land path, 10% time
120
110
100
90
80
Maximum (free space)
70
50
h1 = 1 200 m
40
30
Field strength (dB(
20
h1 = 10 m
10
–10
–20
Transmitting/base
–30
antenna heights, h1
1 200 m
–40
600 m
300 m
–50
150 m
75 m
–60
37.5 m
20 m
–70
10 m
–80
1 10 100 1 000
Distance (km)
50% of locations
h2: representative clutter height 1546-18
Okumura-Hata method
E = 69.82 −6.16 log f +13.82 log H1 + a(H2) −(44.9 −6.55 log( H1)(log d)b
where:
E : field strength (dB(µV/m)) for 1 kW e.r.p.
f : frequency (MHz)
H1 : base station effective antenna height above ground (m) in the range 30 to 200 m
H2 : mobile station antenna height above ground (m) in the range 1 to 10 m
d : distance (km)
a(H2) = (1.1 log f −0.7) H2 −(1.56 log f −0.8)
b = 1 for d ≤20 km
b = 1 +(0.14 +0.000187 f +0.00107 H1′ ) (log [0.05d])0.8
for d > 20 km
where:
Notes on The Prediction of Tropospheric Radio Transmission Loss Over Irregular Terrain
(the Longley-Rice Model) propagation in the Terrain Analysis Package (TAP).
The Longley-Rice model predicts long-term median transmission loss over irregular
terrain relative to free-space transmission loss. The model was designed for frequencies
between 20 MHz and 40 GHz and for path lengths between 1 km and 2000 km.
...
This implementation is based on Version 1.2.2 of the model, dated September 1984. Note
also that the version 1.2.2 implemented by SoftWright does not utilize several other
corrections to the model proposed since the method was first published (see A. G.
Longley, "Radio propagation in urban areas," OT Rep. 78-144, Apr. 1978; and A. G.
Longley, "Local variability of transmission loss- land mobile and broadcast systems," OT
Rep., May 1976).
Technical Foundation
...
Problems with models
• All models have limitations: e.g. Longley Rice doesn’t
include ionosphere, so limited applicability at lower
frequencies. Some skill is needed in choosing the right
model for the right circumstances.
• Accuracy is limited. Different models can give different
answers.
• May need a statistical interpretation
• Need good input data (e.g. terrain models)
• Any model needs fairly universal acceptance, to avoid
legal arguments. Acceptance may be more important than
accuracy.
• What is the height of a radio telescope?
Where does this leave us?
• In spite of the difficulties, propagation models
have come a long way.
• We can’t live without them.
• The best guide we have to whether a given
terrestrial transmission will cause interference to a
radio telescope.
• The best guide we have as to whether a given size
of coordination zone will be adequate.