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Odhiambo Afullo
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kwazulu-Natal,
Durban 4000, South Africa.
E-mail: afullot@ukzn.ac.za; Tel: +27-31-260 2713;
Fax: +27-31-260 2740
origin
Where:
R12 = r2 − r1; R = R12
R12
aˆ12 =
R12
Example:
Point charges of 2mC and 4mC are located at (3,2,1) and
(-1,-2,-3), respectively. Calculate the electric force on a
10 nC charge located at (0,2,4). Also calculate the
electric field intensity at that point.
ρ ds
E = ∫ s 2 rˆ
4πε o R
ρ dv
E = ∫ v 2 rˆ
4πε o R
We shall useElectrostatic
Field Theory
ENEL2FT a similar Fieldsargument for surface charge. 17
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS
ELECTRIC FIELDS DUE TO CIRCULAR RING OF
CHARGE
z ẑ âR
dE α
αR
h − ρ̂
Circular ring y
of charge ϕ
ρ
dl
x
Consider a circular ring of charge of radius ρ, having
uniform charge density ρ l C/m. The ring is placed on the
x-y plane.
x
dA
R = R = h 2 + ρ 2 ; ρ = h tan α ; ⇒ R = h 1 + tan 2 α = h secα
We also derive the following relationships from the
dρ d sin α
sketch: = h = h sec 2
α ; ⇒ d ρ = h sec 2
αdα
dα dα cosα
aˆ R = zˆ cosα − ρˆ sin α
Gaussian Surface
x
Gaussian surface
r a
a
r≤a r
r≥a
Consider a sphere of radius a with a uniform charge ρ v
C/m3.
4πr 3
Qenc = ρv
3
(
4πr Dr =
2
)
4πa 3
3
ρv
a3 ρv
⇒ D = rˆ 2 , r ≥ a
3r
rρ v
rˆ , r≤a
3
D= 3
rˆ a ρ v , r ≥ a
3r 2
Area A
x Gaussian surface
D
ENEL2FT Field Theory Electrostatic Fields 35
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS
APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW TO A AN INFINITE
SHEET OF CHARGE
To determine D at point P, we choose a rectangular box
that is cut symmetrically by the sheet of charge and has
two of its sides parallel to the sheet as shown in the
figure.
As D is normal toDthe
= zˆDzsheet, we have, when applying
Gauss’s law:
∫ D.dS = Q = Dz ∫ dS + ∫ dS
top bottom
Thus E = −∇V
10
V= 2
sin θ cos φ
r
Determine:
A) The electric field strength and the electric
flux density at (2,π/2, 0)
The work done in moving a 10-µC charge from
point A (1,30o, 120o) to B(4,90o,60o)
∂V 1 ∂V ˆ 1 ∂V ˆ
E = −∇V = − rˆ + θ+ φ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
20 10 10
= 3 sin θ cos φrˆ − 3 cosθ cos φθˆ + 3 sin φφˆ
r r r
20 20
E = rˆ − 0θˆ + 0φˆ = rˆ V / m = 2.5rˆ V / m
( 2,π / 2, 0 ) 8 8
10 − 9 20 −11
D = εoE = rˆ = 2.21x10 C / m2
36π 8
B
W = QV AB = −Q ∫ E.dl = Q(VB − V A )
A
10 10
= Q 2 sin θ cos φ − 2 sin θ cosφ
r ( 4,90 o ,60 o ) r (1,30 o ,120 o )
( )10 10
= 10 x10 − 6 sin 90 o cos 60 o − sin 30 o cos120 o = 10 − 5
( )1032 − −410
16 1
∴W = 2.8125x10 -5 J
r1
θ
r2
+Q
r
d y
-Q
An Eectric Dipole
x
EXAMPLE:
Two dipoles
have dipole moments p1 and p2
p1 = −5 x10 − 9 zˆ Cm; p2 = 9 x10 − 9 zˆ Cm
are located at points (0,0,2) and (0,0,3),
respectively. Find the potential at the origin if:
ENEL2FT Field Theory Electrostatic Fields 52
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS
THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE
SOLUTION:
The potential is given by:
2 pk .rk 1 p1.r1 p2 .r2
V= ∑ = 3 + 3
3
k =1 4πε o rk 4πε o r1 r2
p1 = −5 x10 − 9 zˆ ; r1 = (0,0,0) − (0,0,−2) = 2 zˆ; r1 = r1 = 2
p2 = 9 x10 − 9 zˆ; r2 = (0,0,0) − (0,0,3) = −3 z; r2 = r2 = 3
ˆ
1 − 10 x10 − 9 27 x10 − 9 10
∴V = − = 9 − − 1 = −20.25V
10 − 9 8 27 8
4π
36π
ANS:
A) E = 1.8 x10 −3 rˆV / m; V = 9 x10 −3V
( )
B) E = 0.9rˆ + 0.78θˆ x10 −3V / m; V = 0.45V
P1
Q1
P2
P3
Q2
∞
Q3
WE = W3 + W2 + W1
23 + Q1 (V12 + V13in
) reverse order, then:
If the charges=were
0 + Q2Vpositioned
Where V1, V2, and V3 are the potentials at P1, P2, and P3,
respectively.
1 n
WE =are n point
In general, if there
equation becomes: 2 k =1
∑
QkVk charges, the above
WE =
1
2∫
ρV Vdv =
1
2∫
(
∇.D Vdv )
1
( ) (
1
)
1
(
= ∫ ∇.D Vdv = ∫ ∇.VD dv − ∫ D.∇V dv
2 2 2
)
By applying the divergence theorem to the first
term on the right-hand side of the equation, we
have:
WE = ∫ (VD ).dS − ∫ ( D.∇V ) dv
1 1
2 S
2 V
1
( 1
)
WE = − ∫ D.∇V dv = ∫ D.E dv
2V 2V
( )
1
∴WE = ∫ ε 2
o E dv
2V
SOLUTION:
1 n 1
WE = ∑ QkVk = [ Q1V1 + Q2V2 + Q3V3 ]
2 k =1 2
Q2 Q3 4 x10 − 9 3 x10 − 9
V1 = V12 + V13 = + = + = 63V
4πε o (1) 4πε o (1) 10 − 9 10 − 9
4π (1) 4π (1)
36π 36π
Q1 Q3 − 1x10 − 9 3 x10 − 9
V2 = V21 + V23 = + = + = 10.09V
4πε o (1) 4πε o 2 ( )
4π
10 − 9
(1) 4π 10 − 9
2
36π 36π
Q1 Q2 − 1x10 − 9 4 x10 − 9
V3 = V31 + V32 = + = + = 16.46V
4πε o (1) 4πε o 2
4π
( )
10 − 9
(1) 4π 10 − 9
2
36π 36π
1 1
[( ) ( )
∴WE = [ Q1V1 + Q2V2 + Q3V3 ] = − 1x10 − 9 63 + 4 x10 − 9 10.09 + 3 x10 − 9 16.46
2 2
( ) ]
WE = 13.36x10 - 9 J
Fig.A: A dielectric in its normal state where the centre of a positive charge
coincides with that of a negative charge
E
O
r'
S’
dv’
P.Rˆ P.∇' (1 / R )
∴ dV = dv' = dv'
4πε R 4πε
o
2
o
P.∇' (1 / R ) = ∇'.( P / R ) − ( ∇'.P ) / R
P.∇' (1 / R ) 1 P ( ∇'.P )
∴ dV = dv' = ∇'. − dv'
4πε o
4πε R
o
R
v'πεpoint
Thus the potential4at PRdue to the polarized
Ro s' v'
ρ ρ
∴V = ∫ ds '+ ∫ dv'
sb vb
R s' R v'
∆S ρv
∆l
∆Q ∆l
∴ ∆I = = ρ ∆S = ρ ∆Su
∆t ∆t
v v y
⇒J =ρu v
J = σE
Here, σ is the conductivity of the material in siemens
per meter (S/m), and J is known as the conduction
current density. The above equation is referred to
as
ENEL2FT Ohm’s
Field Theory law.
Electrostatic Fields 77
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS
CONTINUITY EQUATION AND
RELAXATION TIME
Due to the principle of conservation of
charge, the time rate of decrease of charge
within a given volume must be equal to the
net outward flow through the closed surface
of the volume. dQ
I out = ∫Iout
Thus the current S = − outin of the closed
J .dcoming
surface is: dt
Here, Qin
closed surface.
∫ .dS =charge
is theJ total
V
∫ ∇.Jenclosed
dv by the
dt dt ∂t
v
V v
Thus we have:
∂ρ ∂ρ
−∫ dv = ∫ ∇.Jdv ⇒ ∇.J = −
v v
V∂t V ∂t
ε
v
ε ∂t
∂ρ σ
∴ + ρ =0
v
∂t ε
v
ε
T=
σ
T = = =
r o
= 1.53 x10 sec −19
σ σ 5.8 x10
Copper 7
T = = =
r o
= 4.42 x10 sec = 51.2 days 6
σ σ 10
Quartz −17
E1 E1n
a b
E1t
∆h
E2t
d c
∆w
E2n
E2
Medium 2, ε 2
∴E = E 1t 2t
D1 D1n ∆S
D1t
∆h
D2t
D2n
D2
Medium 2, ε 2
∴( D − D 1n 2n
)=ρ s
E1
D1n
θ1
E1n
D1t
θ2 E1t
E2 E2n
E2t
D2n
D2 Medium 2, ε 2
D2t
E = E sin θ = E = E sin θ
1t 1 1 2t 2 2
∴ E sin θ = E sin θ
1 1 2 2
∴ ε E cosθ = ε E cosθ
1 1 1 2 2 2
E sin θ
1 1
E sin θ 2 2
tan θ 2
ε 2
ε r2
E =E =0
1t 2t
Thus the tangential component of E vanishes at the interface.
Similarly, considering the normal component of D, we again
incorporate the fact that E →0, inside a good conductor. We
have
(D 1n
−D 2n
)=ρ s
⇒ ε E −ε E = ρ
1 1n 2 2n s
∴ D = −ρ ⇒ D = ρ
n2 s n s
( )
∇. − ε∇V = ρ
Substituting the second equation into the first
v
gives, for a homogeneous medium, Poisson’s
equation, namely:
2 ρv
∴∇ V = −
ε
ENEL2FT Field Theory Electrostatic Fields 94
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS –
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
POISSON’S AND LAPLACE’S EQUATIONS
A special case of Poisson’s equation occurs when the
volume charge distribution ρv=0. Then we have
Laplace’s equation, namely:
2
∇ V =0
V=
6εa
(
ρo 3
)
a − x3 ;
2 ρv ρ o x ∂ 2V ρ x
∇ V =− =− ⇒ 2 =− o
ε εa ∂x εa
∂V ρo x 2
∴ =− + K1 = − E ⇒ E x = 0 = K1 = 0
∂x 2εa
ρo x 2
∴E = xˆ
2εa
ρo x3 ρo x3 ρo a 2
V ( x) = − + K1 x + K 2 = − + K 2 ⇒ V ( x) x = a = 0 ⇒ K 2 =
6εa 6εa 6ε
ρ
(
∴V ( x) = o a 3 − x 3
6εa
)
ENEL2FT Field Theory Electrostatic Fields 98
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS –
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE:
Two semi-infinite conducting planes φ=0 and φ=π/6 are
separated by an infinitesimal insulating gap as shown below. If
V(φ=0)=0 and V(φ=π/6)=100V, calculate E and V in the region
between the planes.
z gap
φo
0V
y
x
Vo
∇V =
2
ρ + + = =0
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z 2
ρ ∂φ 2 2 2 2
= 0 ⇒ V = Aφ + B
dφ 2
π 600
V = A = 100 ⇒ A =
6
φ =π / 6
π
600
∴V = Aφ = φ
π
1 dV ˆ 600 ˆ
E = −∇V = − φ = φ
ρ dφ πρ
ENEL2FT Field Theory Electrostatic Fields 101
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS –
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE
Two conducting plates of size 1X5 m are inclined at φo=45o to
each other with a gap of 4 mm separating them as shown
below. Determine an approximate value of the charge per
plate if the plates are maintained at a potential difference of
Vo=50V. Assume that the medium between them has εr=1.5.
z gap
φo
0V
y
x
Vo
π 200
Vφπ =A = 50 ⇒ A =
= /4
4 π
200
∴V = Aφ = φ
π
1 dV ˆ 200 ˆ
E = −∇ V = − φ = φ
ρ dφ πρ
200ε 200ε
D = εE = φˆ; D = D =
πρ πρ
n φ
Ψ = ∫ D.dS = ∫ ∫ Ddzdρ
ρS = 0.004 z = 0
200ε
1 5
200ε
= ∫ ∫ dzdρ = 5ln ρ
1
πρ π
0.004
ρ = 0.004 z = 0
= 1.555xε 10 C = 2.3325x10 C
r
-8 -8
= 23.3 nC