Reaction Engineering

Design for Reactions in Series

Eko Ariyanto, ST
Reactor Design
design for multiple reactions-
What do we study:
Parallel reactions
Irreversible Reactions in series
modelling example - CSTR for parallel reactions
Multiple reactions = described by using more than one rate expression
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- product distribution / qualitative discussion -
Reactions proceeded in the presence of light only
A
R S
1
k
2
k
2 ways of treating the beaker containing A:
Contents uniformly irradiated
A small stream is withdrawn irradiated - returned
First case:
1. Initially only A present
light will attack A
R is formed
2. A & R will compete
A - very large excess
A will absorb most of the energy
More R is formed
3. Process continues until R conc. = max
4. After max. rate of decomposition > rate of formation
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- product distribution / qualitative discussion -
Second case:
1. Some A is removed
Exposed to the light
Reacts to completion
S is formed
2. S is returned to beaker
3. In time in the beaker:
Conc. Of A decreases
Conc. Of S increase
R is absen
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- product distribution / qualitative discussion -
First case:
maximum possible formation of R
homogeneous content of the beaker
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- product distribution / qualitative discussion -
Second case:
minimum possible formation of R
mixing stream of different compositions - highly reacted + fresh
The mixing of fluid of different compositions =
the key of formation of intermediate
A R S
1
k
2
k
Maximum R formed if fluids are not allowed to mix
Which contacting pattern can give a higher concentration of
intermediate?
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- favourable patterns / qualitative discussion -
Max. possible
= less fluid
intermixing
Batch & PFR
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- product distribution / quantitative approach -
A
R S
1
k
2
k
A
A
A
kC
dt
dC
r = =
R A
R
R
C k C k
dt
dC
r
2 1
= =
R
S
S
C k
dt
dC
r
2
= =
? =
A
C
? =
S
C
? =
R
C
A
A
A
C k
dt
dC
r
1
= =
R A
R
R
C k C k
dt
dC
r
2 1
= =
t k
A A
e C C
1
0

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

2 1 1 2
1 0
2 1
k k
e
k k
e
k C C
t k t k
A R
}
}
A R A S
C C C C =
0
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- Batch & PFR / quantitative approach -
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
t k t k
A S
e
k k
k
e
k k
k
C C
2 1
1 2
1
2 1
2
0
1
?
max ,
=
R
C
?
,
=
opt p
t
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

2 1 1 2
1 0
2 1
k k
e
k k
e
k C C
t k t k
A R
1 2
1 2
log
,
) / ln( 1
k k
k k
k
mean
opt p

= = t
) (
2
1
0
max ,
1 2 2
k k k
A
R
k
k
C
C

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 =
dt
dC
R
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- Batch & PFR / quantitative approach -
maximum conc. of intermediate
corresponding time
t k
A A
e C C
1
0

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

2 1 1 2
1 0
2 1
k k
e
k k
e
k C C
t k t k
A R
1 2
1 2
log
max
) / ln( 1
k k
k k
k
t
mean

= =
) (
2
1
0
max ,
1 2 2
k k k
A
R
k
k
C
C

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Eq. 1
Eq. 3
Eq. 2
Eq. 4
Eq. 5
(1)
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
t k t k
A S
e
k k
k
e
k k
k
C C
2 1
1 2
1
2 1
2
0
1
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- Batch & PFR / quantitative approach -
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- Batch & PFR / quantitative approach -
Concentration time plot Relative concentrations plot
Mixed Flow
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- mixed flow / quantitative approach -
A
R S
1
k
2
k
reaction by nce disappeara output input + =
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- mixed flow / quantitative approach -
reaction by nce disappeara output input + =
V r F F
A A A
) (
0
+ =
V C k vC vC
A A A 1 0
+ =
v
) 1 (
1 0 m A A
k C C t + =
Comp. A
m A
A
k C
C
t
1 0
1
1
+
=
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- mixed flow / quantitative approach -
reaction by nce disappeara output input + =
V r F F
R R R
) (
0
+ =
V r vC vC
R R R
) (
0
+ =
v
Comp. R
( )( )
m m
m
A
R
k k
k
C
C
t t
t
2 1
1
0
1 1 + +
=
V C k C k vC
R A R
) ( 0
2 1
+ + =
m R A R
C k C k C t ) ( 0
2 1
+ + =
) 1 /(
1 0 m A A
k C C t + =
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- mixed flow / quantitative approach -
reaction by nce disappeara output input + =
.
0
const C C C C
A S R A
= = + +
Comp. S
( )( )
m m
m
A
S
k k
k k
C
C
t t
t
2 1
2
2 1
0
1 1 + +
=
maximum conc. of intermediate ?
max ,
=
R
C
?
max
= t
corresponding time
2 1
,
1
k k
opt m
= t
| |
2
2 / 1
2 1
0
max ,
1 ) / (
1
+
=
k k
C
C
A
R
0 =
m
R
d
dC
t
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- mixed flow / quantitative approach -
( )( )
m m
m
A R
k k
k
C C
t t
t
2 1
1
0
1 1 + +
=
Irreversible 1
st
order rxn. in series
- mixed flow / quantitative approach -
Concentration time plot Relative concentrations plot