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Relative Sizes
TEM TEM both both both both SEM SEM
Ribosome Image
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Chromatin
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Nuclear Membrane
Cytoplasm
Outer membrane
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Nucleolus
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Centrioles
In specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome Each unit consists of microtubules Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Mitochondria
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
CompartmentalizationMembrane-Bound Organelles
Compartmentalization
NE = Nuclear Envelope SER = Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum RER = Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum TE = Transitional Elements CGN = Cis Golgi Network MV = Membrane Vescicles GA = Golgi Apparatus TGN = Trans Golgi Network Sec vec = Secretory Vesicles CV = Condensing Vacuoles SG = Secretory Granules PM = Plasma Membrane e. endo = Early Endosomes l. endo = Late Endosomes MVB = Multivesciular Bodies lys. = Lysosomes Central & Food Vacuoles (not shown)
Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Rough ER
Rough ER
Rough ER
Ribosomes attached (like nuclear outer membrane) Protein synthesis within endomembrane system
Synthesizing ER Proteins
THE SIGNAL HYPOTHESIS
RNA Ribosome
Signal sequence
Receptor
Interior of rough ER
Smooth ER
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Golgi Apparatus
Lower-density solution
Sample
Higher-density solution 1. Add sample to tube of variabledensity solution. 2. Run centrifuge. Cell components separate by density into distinct bands. 3. To extract specific cell components for analysis, poke tube with needle and withdraw a specific band.
Rough ER
1. Secreted proteins enter ER as they are being synthesized by ribosome. 2. Protein exits ER in vesicle.
Secretion
Golgi apparatus 3. Protein travels through the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. 4. Protein enters a secretory vesicle that fuses with cell membrane. Plasma membrane 5. Protein is secreted from cell.
Protein Secretion
Interior of Golgi apparatus 1. In the endomembrane system, proteins bound for different destinations are given different carbohydrate "tags." 2. Proteins are sorted in the Golgi apparatus.
3. Transport vesicles bud from the Golgi apparatus and travel to their destinations. Return to the ER
To plasma membrane for secretion 4. Proteins on vesicle surface interact with receptors at destination. 5. Vesicle delivers contents.
Lysome
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Plasma Membrane
Intracellular versus extracellular Membrane potential Glycolipids and glycoproteins Fluid-mosaic model
Membrane Lipids
Membrane Proteins
Integral or intrinsic
Extend from one surface to the other
Peripheral or extrinsic
Attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer
Marker Molecules
Allow cells to identify on another or other molecules Glycoproteins Glycolipids Examples:
Immune system Recognition of oocyte by sperm cell
Channel Proteins
Nongated ion channels
Always open
Receptors
Receptor molecules
Exposed receptor site
Linked to G proteins
Alter activity on inner surface of plasma membrane
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Ribosome Image
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Centrioles Lysosome
Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Actin subunit Functions maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull) motility via pseudopodia (see Chapter 27) muscle contraction (see Chapter 43) cell division in animals (see Chapter 8)
Keratin subunits
maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull) anchor nucleus and some other organelles
Tubulin dimer
maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push) motility via flagella or cilia move chromosomes during cell division (see Chapter 9) move organelles
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Kinesin "walks" along a microtubule track
Transport vesicle
Kinesin
vesicles
ATP
ADP+Pi
ATP
ADP+Pi
Microtubule
microtubule tracks
Eukaryote Flagella
AB AB
Cell membrane
Central pair
Outer doublet
dynein arms
Dynein
Bridge
Spoke
9 + 1 Microtubule Doublets
Gap Junctions
channel proteins interlock and form pores mostly in cardiac and smooth muscle
Tight Junctions
Fusion of membrane lipids Found near surface of cells lining the digestive tract.
Desmosomes
Proteoglycan layer reinforced by filaments Very strong, resist stretching and twisting Esp. found in superficial layers of skin
Cilia
Appendages projecting from cell surfaces Capable of movement Moves materials over the cell surface
Flagella
Similar to cilia but longer Usually only one exists per cell Move the cell itself in wavelike fashion Example: Sperm cell
Microvilli
Extension of plasma membrane Increase the cell surface Normally many on each cell One tenth to one twentieth size of cilia Do not move
Extracellular Matrix