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Bending process
Shearing Process
Hot Working:
Hot working processes the metals are heated recrystallization temperature to given desired shape above
Eg rolling, extrusion or forging are used in the first step of converting a cast ingot into a wrought products. The metals are given desired shape by subjecting them to forces which cause them to undergo plastic deformation when heated above recrystallization temperature.
Cold Working:
Cold working processes the metals are done at room temperature to given desired shape Cold working of a metal results in an increase in strength or hardness and decrease in ductility. When the cold working is excessive the metal will fracture, before reaching the desired shape and size. Need of annealing operations increase the cost of forming by cold working
Advantages of Cold Working: Produces an improved surface finish, scale free and bright surface and closer dimensional tolerances. Residual stresses are set up in the metals which remain unless they are removed by subsequent heat treatment. Cold working results in loss of ductility and increase of strength and hardness of metal.
Limitations of Cold Working: Only small sized components can be easily cold worked as greater forces are required for larger sections. Grain structure is not refined and residual stresses have harmful effects on certain properties of metals. Many of the metals having les ductility cannot be worked at room temperature. It is therefore limited to ductile metals. Tooling costs are higher and is used when large quantities of similar components are required.
Warm Working:
It is the plastic deformation of a metal at temperature below the recrystallization and above room temperature. It attempts to combine the advantages of both hot and cold working into one operation. Warm working has been applied most extensively to the forging of steel, where it offers fewer forging steps, reduced forging load, and energy savings compared with cold forgings. When compared with hot working it offers advantage of
Advantages of (Mechanical) Metal Working Processes: Defects in metals such as blow holes and porosity find to get filled due to plastic deformation Mechanically worked components exhibit superior mechanical properties Provides grain refinement and improved metallurgical structure of metal Cold working with subsequent annealing can produce good surface finish and close dimensional tolerances
Wrought Products: A product is said to be wrought if it is manipulated in the solid state from a cast shape The choice of manipulation depends upon the material to be manipulated, the shape required, the accuracy required and the quantity involved
Wrought forms can be, drawn bars, rolled sections, sheet, plate, tube, wire, extruded sections
A cast metal posses local differences of metallurgical structure and chemical composition, and contains blowholes and the cast metals have inferior mechanical properties Wrought metals are subjected to hot working, this improves the properties of metal
Characteristics of Wrought Products: Hot working imparts directional properties to the metals caused by the deformation of grains along the direction of working The minor defects like blow holes at the sub surface and surface level get eliminated by welding effect when formed The wrought metals generally exhibit superior mechanical properties like strength, ductility and toughness They normally have rough surface finish The surface may undergo oxidation and result in scale formation They may undergo decarburization at the outer surface