Hydro Power Plant

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Contents Introduction Types of hydro plants Major components Performance

Summary

Introduction (1)
1. Hydro power plant => electricity from water power 2. Constitutes 15% of power generation in Malaysia

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro plants in Peninsular Malaysia

3. Other functions of hydro plants:

Irrigation
Reservoir Penstock

Flood mitigation

Clean water supply

Introduction (2)
Advantages:

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Water => cheapest source of energy Low operation & maintenance cost Quick in starting up Quick respond to load variation Plant has longer life Less labour requirement No emission Disadvantages: Has other useful functions Reliable=> less trippings High initial construction cost Located far from load centres Dependent on water availability Long construction time Environmental issue e.g. deforestration

Types of hydro plants (1)

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. Hydro plants can be classified according to water flow/storage characteristics

Run of river plants (mini hydro)

2. Types: Storage/reservoir plants Pump storage plants 3. Type 1: Run of river plants: a. Utilize the water flow as it runs through the year b. No significant storage/dam for power generation c. Typical for mini-hydro scheme => suitable for low consumption at remote areas

d. Typical size : 10 - 1600 kW

Types of hydro plants (2)

3. Type 2: Storage/reservoir plants: a. Large size reservoirs (dams) => large generation capacity

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

b. Most common type for commercial power generation

Types of hydro plants (3)

4. Pump storage plants: a. Used only for short duration=> to meet peak load

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

b. Water storage obtained by pumping back from tail race

=> utilize low value, off-peak power (usually surplus) c. Improves overall efficiency & reliablity of system grid

Major components (1)

Reservoir Dam Inlet water ways Power house

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Tailrace

Major components (2)

1. Reservoir: a. Includes catchment area and water reservoir

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

b. Purpose: to store water

Hydro plant: Reservoir

c. Head race => water surface level of the reservoir

d. Reservoir can be natural or artificial (i.e. with dam)

2. Dam: a. A structure of masonry and/or rock fill built across a river b. Purpose: i) to provide head of water ii) to create storage or pondage
Hydro plant: Dam

Major components (3)

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

3. Inlet water ways: a. Passages through which is conveyed from dam to power house

b. Includes: Penstock/tunnel, spillways c. Penstock => closed pressure pipes made

of reinforced concrete or steel d. Tunnel => made by cutting mountains e. Spillways => provide discharge of surplus water from
Hydro plant: Tunnel

Hydro plant: Spillways

storage reservoir into river

Major components (4)

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

4. Power House: a. Building that houses turbines, generators and other auxiliaries

b. Typical hydro plant turbines:

* Pelton turbine => Impulse

Hydro plant: Turbine-generator

Hydro plant: Pelton turbine Hydro plant: Francis turbine Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine

* Francis turbine => Mainly reaction

* Kaplan turbine => Reaction

5. Tail race: a. Passage for discharging water leaving the turbine

Bersia

Performance (1)
1. Important hydro turbine parameters:
Power Head Efficiency Specific speed

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Discharge

2. Power generated from hydro plant is given by:

P Q H

P = Power Q = Rate of water flow H = head = efficiency

3. Specific speed: a. Speed of turbine when delivers 1 horsepower under 1 metre head

N P N s 5/ 4 H

N = Turbine speed

b. Independent of shape and size of turbine

c. Helps in selecting suitable type of turbine

Performance (2)
4. Typical problems: a. Sedimentation: * Deposition of silt in the reservoir * Cause reduction of water storage capacity * Minimised by reclaimation/dredging b. Cavitation: * Formation of water vapour & air bubbles

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

due to reduction of pressure

* Occurs mainly at discharge end of blades * Causes erosion of blade

* Prevention: material selection, selection of specific speed,

polishing surfaces, optimum dimension of runner

Summary
2. Main components: reservoir, dam, inlet water ways, power
house, tail race 3. Types of hydro turbine : Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

1. Types of hydro plants: run of river, reservoir, & pump storage

4. Major hydro plant parameters: power, head, discharge,

effciency and specific speed 5. Typical problems: sedimentation and cavitation Thank You

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro plant: reservoir

Kenyir Bersia

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro plant: Dams

Kenyir

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Bersia

Hydro plant: Tunnel

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Pergau

Hydro plant: Spillways

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Pergau

Temengor

Kenyir

Hydro plant: Turbine-generator

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Woh : Generator

Pergau : turbine pit

Hydro plant: Pelton turbine

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Sg. Piah

Hydro plant: Francis turbine

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine

Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant