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Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

BIOMASS AS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE


Prof.Dr. Lucia DUMITRESCU lucia.d@unitbv.ro lucia.dumitrescu@gmail.com

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

BIOMASS

RENEWABLE

ENERGY

SOURCE
SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

BIOMASS AS FUELS
The continuous depletion of global fossil fuel energy generated increasing need for alternative sources of energy. Biomass renewable energy source derived through photosynthesis converted into direct energy / energy-carrier compounds by: direct combustion, anaerobic digestion systems, distillation, gasification, chemical / biochemical hydrolysis. Biomass numerous sources, by-products from timber industry, agricultural crops, raw forest material, household waste, demolition wood. Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to atmosphere because absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as releases when consumed as fuel. Biomass combustion is much less acidifying than coal (low sulfur content), ashes from biomass, can be recycled (low in heavy metals). Biomass 70 billion tons annual production and 1800 billion tons stored on the earth. Use of biomass diversified in 6 "F" fields: Food, Feed, Fuel, Feedstock, Fiber, Fertilizer. Biomass derived from photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water glucides plant tissues containing solar energy trapped in their chemical bonds (C,H,O). The amount of energy fixed by plants in this way = Gross Primary Production (GPP). Some energy used by plants to grow the amount available in tissues / biomass Net Primary production (NPP) 75 % of the GPP.
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Composition of cellulosic biomass


Nature of biomass as a fuel 3 main directions to achieve biomass: (1) cultivation of so-called energy crops; (2) harvesting of natural vegetation; (3) utilization of agricultural and other organic wastes. Natural raw materials originate from agriculture, food industry and forestry glucides: sugar, starch, cellulose (40-60%), hemicelluloses (20-40%), polyaromatic lignin (10-25%).
Biomass Composition
Other; 5% Lignin; 25% Cellulose (Glucose sugar); 45% Hemicellulose (pentose sugars); 25%

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BIOMASS AS FUELS

Elemental C and H ultimate fuel (combination of C+H) differing in thermal content heat of combustion of C= 34.4GJ/t and of H= 141.9GJ/t. Elementary C is the principal component of coal and its heat of combustion equates the coal heat of combustion. Hydrogen is not (yet!) commonly available as fuel. Oil and gas fall between these limits, since they contain both C and H. For paraffins the longer the C chain in molecule, the more nearly the weight ratio H:C approaches 1:8, corresponding to 12.5% H (theoretical value of chain methylene units (CH2) of infinite length. The greatest ratio H:C in methane, CH4 H accounts for 25% of molecule weight methane special position as hydrocarbon fuel the highest thermal content, 55.7% GJ/t compared with 44.0GJ/t for typical oil.

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

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Heats of combustion of major biomass components, major biomass types and major fossil fuels
Substance
Cellulose Starch Fats Protein Lignin Lignin Grass Wheat straw Peanuts, rapeseed

Heat of combustion (kcal/kg )


4500 4500 9300 5600 6100 6100 4400 4200 7050

Wood Meat
Oil Bituminous coal Anthracite SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

4200 5800
10500 l8000 8700

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ENERGY FROM BIOMASS. CONVERSION PROCESSES


ConversionProcess Thermochemical processes Technological Solutions Combustion Gasification Final Products Steam; process heat, electric energy Steam; process heat, electric energy, fuel gas methane Charcoal , bio-coal,,fuel gas Bioethanol, biodiesel Compost, biogas Heat, sludge, compost

Pyrolysis Biochemical Processes Fermentation Anaerobic digestion Aerobic digestion


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BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Ethanol from biomass


Fermentation series of chemical reactions that convert sugars to ethanol. The fermentation caused by yeast / bacteria, consuming sugars ethanol + carbon dioxide.

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Advantages using bioethanol instead of gasoline


The production of fuel-grade bioethanol (generally> 95%)3 stages: a) feedstock biomass processing to produce a sugar solution. b) Fermentation with microorganism, (yeasts) to convert sugars to ethanol. c) The product, a dilute solution (< 9% ethanol by weight) distillation to remove the water. Reductions in contributions to global warming and addition of anhydrous ethanol to gasoline eliminates the need for tetra-ethyl lead to raise the octane rating. Ethanol-powered engines produce 57% less carbon monoxide, 64% less hydrocarbons and 13% less nitric oxides than gasoline-powered vehicles. Processing the fermentation products yields fuel-grade ethanol and byproducts that can be used to produce other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity. Biotechnological improvements fermentation under partial vacuum and recycling of the fermentative yeast cells increased ethanol productivity to 12-fold that conventional batch fermentation processes, decreasing costs.

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

The energy requirements of ethanol produced from different substrates by microbial fermentation
Physical inputs Substrate Chemicals Water Sugar cane 7.27 0.60 0.30 Cassava 19.19 0.89 0.38 Timber 12.67 4.74 0,80 Straw 4.37 4.74 0,80

Electricity
Fuel oil Inputs Total

7.00
8.00 0.46 24

10.47
29.03 1.21 61

175.7
42.13 3.34 239

166.74
42.13 3.34 222

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BIODIESEL FROM BIOMASS


Problems of developing fuels from renewable resources obtaining liquid fuel to replace the petrol / diesel used in motor vehicles. The use of plant-derived oil in the internal combustion engine is not new (Rudolf Diesel 1893). There are four methods of modifying plant oils: (1) blending, (2) micro-emulsion, (3) pyrolysis and (4) transesterification. 20% plant oil blended with diesel oil form a mixture (used in unmodified engines) The transesterification process: an alcohol (methanol, ethanol) reacts with triglyceride oils contained in vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled greases fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) + glycerin. The reaction requires heat and strong base catalyst KOH /NaOH.

SEE-EU Tool Triglycerides Brasov, June 2007

+ Free Fatty Acids (<4%) + Alcohol > Alkyl esters + glycerin

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BIODIESEL FROM BIOMASS

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

BIODIESEL FROM BIOMASS


The main advantages of biodiesel are: the energy yielded is considerable greater than consumed during its production and will increase with improved (genetically engineered) cultivars of rapeseed. Secondly, it is non-toxic, is more than 98% biodegradable, and its contribution to the greenhouse effects is three-to-five-fold less than that of diesel and, above all it is renewable. It has been suggested that ethanol from biomass could replace the methanol of fossil origin used in the esterification reaction. In this way bioethanol usage would be increased and the biodiesel would be derived from entirely renewable resources, so, the biodiesel market will expand in the near future.

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

METHANOL FROM BIOMASS


Production of methanol (wood alcohol) from biomass is a thermochemical conversion process. 18 gallons of methanol can be produced from one ton of biomass. Potential feedstock: wood and agricultural residues. However, nearly all methanol produced today is made from natural gas.

Production of one gallon of methanol requires about 100 cubic feet of natural gas.
Using a biomass feedstock, the methanol production process begins with gasification (high pressure and temperature). The resulting synthesis gas is composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The synthesis gas must be scrubbed to remove tars and methane. A catalyst is added, and the gas is condensed into liquid methanol. 1.2 billion gallons of methanol in U.S. is used to make MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether), a gasoline additive.

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007 has Methanol

a higher octane than gasoline, but half the energy content. The high

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METHANOL FROM BIOMASS

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

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METHANE FROM BIOMASS

Methane gas derived from biomass in ancient time used for generation of mechanical, electrical and heat energy. Methane is now used as a fuel source for domestic / industrial purposes converted to methanol used as fuel in internal combustion engines.
After CO2, methane is considered to be the next most important greenhouse gas expected to contribute 18% of future warming. The microbiology of methane production complex, involving mixtures of anaerobic microorganisms produced in 3 biological phases, requiring specific microbiological parameters. The initial stage solubilisation of complex molecules (cellulose, fats, proteins) soluble, low molecular weight products converted to organic acids. Final phase of microbial activity these acids (acetic acid) decomposed by the methanogenic bacteria to methane and CO2. Methanogenesis under controlled conditions monitoring the environmental variables: temperature, pH, moisture level, agitation, raw material input and balance. Biogas = flammable mixture: 50-80% methane, 15-45% CO2, 5% water trace gases. 19 kg of dry organic matter produce 3 m3 of biogas 3 h of cooking, 3 h of lighting or 24 h of refrigeration. Biogas furnish a considerable part of the worlds energy.

China is the largest user 7 million biogas units providing the equivalent energy of 22 millions of coal. Biogas combustions has been used to heat steam, to drive electricity turbines, etc.

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

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CONCLUSIONS
In the Kyoto Protocol, Europe assumed the commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by 8% until 2005. The White Paper of the European Commission "Renewable Sources of Energy" considers it possible to double the share of renewable energy until 2010, attributing major importance to bioenergy. Since beginning of 1980s a number of studies on energy and environmental efficiency of alternative fuels was carried out confirming the positive energy balance with 1 unit fossil energy 2-3 units of renewable fuel can be produced. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is confirmed CO2 reduction expands from 25 to 80 %. The differences in the results depend on the agricultural practice, the chain of procedures, but also on the quality of the data and the level of knowledge when the study was carried out. Biomass such as forest, agricultural and animal residues and industrial and domestic wastes can be converted by physico-chemical and/or fermentation processes to clean fuel and petrochemical substitutes. Biomass will play a major role in future as renewable energy source. The future studies will focuss on the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass.

SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007

Centre: Product Design for Sustainable Development

REFERENCES
Bilitewski, B., Hrdtle, G., Marek, K., Weissbach, A., Boeddicker, H., 1996, Waste Managenent, Springer, Berlin. Pretty, J., Oros, V., Draghici, C., (Eds.), 2003, Waste mangement, Editura Academiei Romane, Bucuresti. Christiansen, K.M., Munck-Kampmann, B., 2000, Waste, Annual Topic Update 1999, European Environment Agency. Meyers, R.A., Dittrick, D.K., (Eds.), 1999, Wiley Encyclopaedia of Environmental Pollution and Cleanup, Vol. II, Wiley, New York. Annex I of Council Directive 75/442/EEC, http://www.europa.en.int/eur_lex/en/. *** Chapter 5., Solid Waste, draft September 2000, www.unescap.org/stat/envstat/stwes 2waste. 02.pdf. *** Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament Concerning the Application of Directive 75/437/EEC, 75/442/EEC, 1997. *** European Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste List, 2002, valid from 1 January 2002, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.ie. *** European Waste Catalogue Amended and Consolidated Version, April 2002, Environmental European Agency, www.hanbridge.com/council_information/European_Waste_Catalogue_ April_2002.pdf. Beukering, P., Gupta, J., 2000, Integrated Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, in: Solid Waste Management, Grover, V.I., Guha, B.K., Hogland, W., McRae, S.C., Balkema, A.A. (Eds.), Rotterdam, 3-19. Powell, J.C., Craighill, A., 2000, Waste Management, in: Environmental Science for Environmental Management, 2nd Edition, ORiordan, T. (Ed.), Pearson Education Limited, London, 469-483. Teodosiu, C., 2001 a, Technology of Drinking and Industrial Water Production (Tehnologia apei potabile i industriale), Matrix Rom Publishing House, Bucureti Negulescu, M., 1985, Municipal Wastewater Treatment, Elsevier Publishing House, The Netherlands. SEE-EU Tool Brasov, June 2007 M., Teodosiu, C., Duca, Gh., 1997, Advanced Wastewater Treatment for the Non Macoveanu, biodegradable Organic Compounds Removal, Gh. Asachi Publishing House, Iai.

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