Communication Technologies Modulation and Multiplexing

Week #3
ICS 620

Overview

Frequency Spectrum Modulation techniques Multiplexing--TDM vs FDM Multiple Access Signal formats

The Bands
3KHz 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz 3THz
Submillimeter Range

ELF VLF

LF

MF

HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Far InfraRed

Radio

Optical
300mm 1500nm

1PetaHz

1ExaHz
O r a n g e Y e l l o w

Near InfraRed

R e d

G r e e n

B l u e 500nm

I n d i g o

V i o l e t

Ultraviolet

X-Ray

700nm

600nm

400nm

Frequency Spectrum
Limited resource Managed
WARC FCC

Bands

Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation Pulse Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Uses a higher frequency carrier Most efficient use of frequency Time and Frequency Domain Susceptible to Noise

Most Efficient Use of Frequency

Maximum frequency required is:
Twice baseband Just baseband (special conditions)

Higher Frequency Carrier

Signal

time

Carrier

time

Higher Frequency Carrier

Power Spectral Density
watts Carrier Signal

frequency
Baseband

Time Domain
Signal

time

Carrier

time

Time Domain Continued

time

Detection of Signal

time

time

Frequency Domain
watts

Unmodulated
Carrier

Signal

frequency
Baseband

watts

Modulated

Carrier Signal

frequency
Baseband Baseband

Spectrum of AM signal

Susceptible to Noise

time

Antenna Carrier Signal Oscillator Low-Power Amplifier Final Amplifier

Information Signal

Modulation Device

Simple block diagram of AM modulation

Single Sideband (SSB)

Variant of AM is single sideband (SSB) Sends only one sideband Eliminates other sideband and carrier Advantages Only half the bandwidth is required Less power is required Disadvantages Suppressed carrier cant be used for synchronization purposes

Frequency Modulation

Uses a higher frequency carrier Usually more bandwidth Time and Frequency Domain Resistant to some Noise

Time Domain
Signal

time

Carrier

time

Time Domain

time

Frequency Domain
watts

Unmodulated
Carrier

Signal

frequency
Baseband

watts

Modulated

Carrier Signal

frequency

Resistant to Some Noise

time

Phase Modulation

Uses a higher frequency carrier Fairly efficient use of frequency Time and Frequency Domain Used mainly for data

Time Domain (Instantaneous View)

Unmodulated Carrier

Modulated Carrier Phase Input

Phase Shift Keying

0O 90O 180O 270O

Time Plot

Pulse Modulation

Uses the sampling rate PAM PDM, PWM PPM PCM

Starts with Sampling

Volts
time

PAM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Volts
time

PDM (a.k.a. PWM)

Pulse Duration Modulation (Pulse Width Modulation)

Volts
time

time max = largest Positive min = largest Negative

PPM
Pulse Position Modulation

Volts
time

time max = largest Positive

min = largest Negative

Pulse Code Modulation

By quantizing the PAM pulse, original signal is only approximated Leads to quantizing noise Signal-to-noise ratio for quantizing noise

SNR dB 20 log 2 n 1.76 dB 6.02 n 1.76 dB

Thus, each additional bit increases SNR by 6 dB, or a factor of 4

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
8 8 5 -1 -9 -7

Volts

-2

time

01000 01000 10010 11001 10001 00101 10111

time

Multiplexing
Frequency

Division Multiplexing
Separate each baseband signal into a discrete band Uses AM-SSB/SC to position each baseband

Frequency Division Multiplexing

1 frequency 2 frequency

3
frequency

4
frequency

4 frequency

Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Separate each digital baseband into discrete time slots Cyclical in nature

Time Division Multiplexing

1 2 3 4

Rotation Analogy

FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access

Chan D

Frequency

Chan C

Chan B Chan A

Time

TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access

Frequency

Chan B

Chan A

Time

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access

Code

Summary

Frequency Spectrum Modulation techniques--AM, FM, Phase, and Pulse Modulation Multiplexing--TDM vs FDM