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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTED BY
Poornashri Kandade Batul Kanchwala Sneha Joshi Aditya Kambli Veena Kamble Sneha Matthew Kushaal Jhaveri Sanmeet Kalsekar Tanushree Jayakar Shruti Kadam

The Roman Empire consisted of Rome and all its conquered provinces. Rome was the capital and focus of the Roman Civilization. Roman society was made of the Latinized people living on the Italian peninsula and other foreign people belonging to the conquered provinces. The society was not homogenous as its puts together people of different origins. Latin was the widely spoken language, particularly in Rome and its environment. The Roman people were classified into citizens and non citizens; citizenship can be conferred on non citizens.

Social

Social

Citizenship confers the right to vote, make contracts and have a legal marriage. Citizens are divided into two classes; members of the Roman Senate belonging to the highest social class and other citizens. The Roman people were essentially farmers and traders. Many also aspired to became soldiers and warriors; being a warrior provided one of the best means of advancing in the society.

Social

Social

Roman society had an active social life. The forum was the centre of social life; it is very similar to the Greek Agora. The forum was the place for social, political, recreational and religious activities.

The forum was the descendant of the Greek agora for the Romans It began as a market place It rapidly became the commercial, political and ceremonial centre of the civilization In the process it developed into an elaborate architectural space that became a part of all roman cities Unlike the Greek agora which is informal in plan, and whose buildings are subordinate to the space, in the roman forum, the organization is more formal

Social- Forum

The buildings surrounding it are normally large and dominate the space. Buildings commonly found in the forum include temples, basilicas and bath. Each individual major building in the forum was given a central inside space Governmental function were usually arranged on the West End; religious ceremonies were celebrated at the east end The inside space of buildings was connected to one or more exterior space of the city

Social- Forum

Columns, statues and triumphal arches were erected as a memorial to the conquering rulers and to the glories of the empire No two roman forums are really alike, as there are always differences between the forums in different cities In Rome with its two forums, we find a good example of the Roman forums By 400 A.D. the forum had accumulated not less than 10 temples, 4 basilicas, 4 triumphal arches and many other monuments and shrines

Social- Forum

Social- Forum

All of these were arranged with no preordained order The buildings therefore loosely define the space of the forum

The Republican Forum is also called the Forum Romanum. It was the oldest and most important forum in the city. Soon it became an important market place. By the 5th Century B.C. the various functions associated with the forum began to assume their architectural shape. Additions, modification and growth by successive republicans and emperors led to its development

Republican Forum

Republican Forum

During the reign of Julius Ceasar, he attempted to reorganize the Republican forum but realized that it had become too congested for rational order He therefore decided to build a new forum adjacent to but outside the republican forum This idea was picked by successive emperors, who added to it to create the imperial forum The imperial forum is not one forum, but five forums with each supporting the other

Imperial Forum

Imperial Forum

There was variety in their form, but they displayed rational order in their organization Each of the forum consisted of colonnaded atrium with a temple at its head Of the five temples that of Trojan was most majestic, with the basilica Ulpia sitting across it and two libraries on either side of the central court

Imperial Forum

Romans participated in a lot of entertainment activities. These activities include spectator sports such as drama, chariot racing, and gladiatorial contest. They also had new unique social activities such as recreational bathing. The practice saw Romans going to a public bath at luxurious bathing through chambers of different temperature. In the process they engaged in both intellectual and physical interaction.

Social

Social- System of Government

The System of government in ancient Rome was democratic. During the Republican period, Government consisted of two elected consuls, a senate and judiciary. The consuls acted as the executive arm of government overseeing the activities of the senate, army and other executive institutions such as tax collectors and police. The senate was an assembly of selected land owners, the upper class of Roman society, who approve budgets and suggest

Social- System of Government

Members of the senate are elected from a series of lower assemblies who are responsible for enacting the laws suggesting by the senate and also implementing them. The judicial branch consist of 6 judges who were elected every two years, who decide punishment for criminals. During the imperial period, the Consuls were replaced by Emperors who wielded a lot of power.

Social- System of Government

Roman people were not deeply religious, particularly during the early part of their development. They did not have religious beliefs and mythologies of their own, but borrowed from societies they come into contact with. Contact with other people always resulted in changes to their culture, art and way of life. Most of their religious beliefs were borrowed from the Greeks, and like the Greeks, they also believed in a number of Gods.

Religious

The Romans believed that the faith of their empire lies in the hands of their various Gods. The state spent money to built temples to the various gods. Public assemblies, such as senate meetings, war victories and most state functions were always started with sacrifices to a particular god in his temple. The religious well being of the individual Roman was his own concern.

Religious

Temples were a significant part of roman architecture Scores of temple were built during every period Most of the roman temples were combination of Etruscan and Greek prototypes The typical temple had an axial plan, an entrance porch with widely space columns in front The temple also had a cella or sanctuary The whole temple is raised on a high podium with frontal steps providing access

Religious- Temple

The best preserved of the temples and the one showing the highest achievement in temple architecture is the Pantheon It was built between AD 118 and 128 by the Emperor Handrian on the site of an earlier temple by Agrippa It was built as a temple dedicated to all the Roman Gods, hence the name Pantheon The Pantheon essentially consist of two parts; the an entrance portico and a circular part or rotunda

Pantheon

The portico is 8 columns wide and 3 columns deep and leads to the entrance of the temple. The columns are of unfluted Corinthian order. The wall of the rotunda is 3 storeys high on the outside; they are made up of brick faced concrete and support the dome roof of the temple. The interior has eight large niches with one serving as the entrance and the remaining seven used dedicated to the seven major Roman Gods.

Pantheon

The Dome roof forms a perfect sphere with a diameter of 142 feet in the interior. At the head of the dome is a 30ft wide occulus, that opens up the great dome to the outside and illuminates the space with light. The interior was built of Egyptian granites, African colored marbles and pure white marbles from the Aegean. The Pantheon combines scale, boldness and mastery of every architectural art.

Pantheon

Pantheon

The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which at its peak covered an area from Lowland Scotland and Morocco to the Euphrates. Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture such as the Flavian Amphitheatre (now called the Colosseum), the Forum of Trajan, and the Pantheon.

Cultural

The city also had several theaters, gymnasia, and many taverns, baths, and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word palace is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae. The Roman cuisine preserved in the cookery books ascribed to Apicius is essentially Greek. Roman writers disdained Latin for a cultured Greek style.

Cultural

Only in law and governance was the Italic nature of Rome's accretive culture supreme.

Cultural

LANGUAGE The native language of the Romans was Latin, an Italic language in the Indo-European family. Several forms of Latin existed, and the language evolved considerably over time, eventually becoming the Romance languages spoken today. Silver Age Latin was the most popular. Initially a highly inflectional and synthetic language, older forms of Latin rely little on word order, conveying meaning through a system of affixes attached to word stems.

Cultural

Like other Indo-European languages, Latin gradually became much more analytic over time and acquired conventionalized word orders as it lost more and more of its case system and associated inflections. Its alphabet, the Latin alphabet, is based on the Old Italic alphabet, which is in turn derived from the Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet is still used today to write most European and many other languages.

Cultural

Cultural

LITERATURE

Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the Republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry.

Cultural

Cultural

Catullus was also the first Roman poet to produce love poetry, seemingly autobiographical, which depicts an affair with a woman called Lesbia. Under the reign of the Emperor Augustus, Horace continued the tradition of shorter poems, with his Odes and Epodes.

MUSIC

Music was a major part of everyday life in ancient Rome. Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. Some of the instruments used in Roman music are the Tuba, Cornu, Aulos, Askaules, Flute, Panpipes, Lyre, Lute, Cithara, Timpani, Aulos, Auloi, Drums, Hydraulis and the Sistrum.

Cultural

MUSIC

Trio of musicians playing an aulos, cymbala and tympanum (mosaic from Pompeii).

Cultural

VISUAL ART
Most early Roman painting styles show Etruscan influences, particularly in the practice of political painting. In the 3rd century BCE, Greek art taken as booty from wars became popular, and many Roman homes were decorated with landscapes by Greek artists. Evidence from the remains at Pompeii shows diverse influence from cultures spanning the Roman world. The so-called Primavera of Stabiae, perhaps the goddess Flora.

Cultural

VISUAL ART
An early Roman style of note was "Incrustation", in which the interior walls of houses were painted to resemble colored marble. Another style consisted of painting interiors as open landscapes, with highly detailed scenes of plants, animals, and buildings.

Cultural

VISUAL ART The Primavera of Stabiae, perhaps the goddess Flora.

Cultural

SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENT The ancient city of Rome had a place called the Campus, a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers, which was located near the Tiber river. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and raci ng. Riding, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities. In the countryside, pastimes also included fishing and hunting.

Cultural

SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENT


Females did not participate in these activities. Ball playing was a popular sport and ancient Romans had several ball games, which included Handball (Expulsim Ludere), field hockey, catch, and some form of Football. In the Colosseum, Romes amphitheatre, 60,000 persons could be accommodated. There are also accounts of the Colosseums floor being flooded to hold mock naval battles for the public to watch.

Cultural

The amphitheatre is a roman structure with no Greek equivalent. Amphitheatre is a public building used for spectator sports, games and displays. Apart from function, the important outward distinction between an amphitheatre and a theatre is that amphitheatre is round or oval in shape. An amphitheatre was first built in Pompeii in 80 BC, but the best example of the Roman amphitheatre is the colosseum.

Amphitheatre

Its construction began under the Emperor Vespasian in 72 A.D. and was completed in A. D. 80. It was used for spectator sports including gladiatorial combat. It is said that 9,000 wild animals were killed in the one hundred inaugural days celebrating its opening. The Colosseum hosted large-scale spectacular games that included; fights between animals, the killing of prisoners by animals and other executions, naval battles via flooding the arena, and combats between gladiators.

Colosseum

It has been estimated that about 500,000 people died in the Colosseum games. The colosseum is elliptical in shape. It measured 48 metres high, 188 metres long, and 156 metres wide. The wooden arena floor was 86 metres by 54 metres and covered by sand. The colosseum had a seating capacity for 50,000 spectators. The Colosseum was ingeniously designed; most spectacle venues have been influenced by the Colosseum's structure into modern times.

Colosseum

The seating formed a uniform elliptical ring capable of supporting the 50,000 spectator capacity of the facility. The substructure of the amphitheatre is very much like that of the theatre. Vaulting was used both radially and concentrically to support the structure Amphitheatre. The Colosseum also had a passageway that opens into a tier of seats from below or behind. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase.

Colosseum

The passages quickly dispersed people into their seats and upon conclusion of the event disgorged them with abruptness into the surrounding streets Seating was divided into different sections. Above the podium was the maenianum primum, for the other Roman aristocrats who were not in the senate. The third level, the maenianum secundum, was divided into three sections. The lower part, the was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part was for poor citizens.

Colosseum

A third, wooden section was a wooden structure at the very top of the building, added by Domitian. The most ingenious part of the Colosseum was its cooling system. It was roofed using a canvas covered net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center. The Arena where the action takes place is located at the center of the ellipse.

Colosseum

Underneath the arena was the "underground", a network of tunnels and cages where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. The arena floor no longer exists and the hypogeum walls and corridors are clearly visible in the ruins of the building. The orders were used in the elevation in the same manner as on the theater. The Colosseum was in continuous use until 217, when it was damaged by fire from lightning.

Colosseum

It was restored in 238 and gladiatorial games continued until Christianity gradually put an end to some sport.

Colosseum

Colosseum

Colosseum

For all of the glory and grandeur of Ancient Rome, the Roman economy never developed into anything terribly complex compared to modern economies. Ancient Rome was an agrarian and slave based economy whose main concern was feeding the vast number of citizens and legionaries who populated the Mediterranean region. Agriculture and trade dominated Roman economic fortunes, only supplemented by small scale industrial production.

Economic

While the production and transportation of foods dominated the trading industry, there was also a vast exchange of other goods from all parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The prosperity of the Empire and many of it citizens generated a need for luxurious and exotic imports. Silks from China and the Far East, cotton and spices from India, Ivory and wild animals from Africa

Economic

The importance of industry and manufacturing was comparatively light to that of agriculture. The largest industry in ancient Rome was mining, which provided the stones for the enormous building projects and metals for tools and the weapons that conquered the western world. Greece and northern Italy provided marble for the buildings that awed the ancients and modern people alike.

Economic

Large quantities of gold and silver were mined in Spain to mint coins and create jewellery, while mines in Britain produced iron, lead and tin for weapons. Cities and towns throughout the empire established small-scale manufacturing plants which turned out hand-made pottery, glassware, weapons, tools, jewellery and textiles.

Economic

Economic

Extensive Trade routes were established on land and sea. The Roman roads are one lasting legacy of Roman domination and many are still in use today. Coins of brass, bronze, copper, silver and gold in the Imperial system were minted and circulated under strict rules for weights, sizes, value and metal composition. The popularity and value of Roman coins became so great that they could be found as far east as India.

Economic

Roman

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