Module 4 - 1

Module 4

Weld Joint Geometry -----Welding and NDE Symbols

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ANSI/AWS A3.0 - 94
Standard Welding Terms and Definitions

Module 4 - 2

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Module 4 - 3

Introduction - 1 of 2
The geometry of joints and welds must be clearly stated and understood by all parties involved with fabrication Terminology used per A3.0 and A2.4 Dont use slang terms Welding symbols are a shorthand method for clearly stating exactly what welding is to be done and where

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Module 4 - 4

Introduction - 2 of 2
Joint and Weld geometry per A3.0-94 Classroom discussion on A3.0 Welding Symbols per A2.4-98 Classroom discussion on A2.4-98 WIT Module 4 - additional Study Guide

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Module 4 - 5

Weld or Joint Geometry & Terms

Imperative to know the difference between a joint and a weld and use terms properly Standard terms must be used when dealing with weld joint and weld geometry to avoid errors in communication

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Module 4 - 6

5 Basic Joint Types

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 1, page 41

Butt Corner T-Joint Lap Edge

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Module 4 - 7

Butt Joint
A Joint between 2 members aligned approximately in the same plane

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Module 4 - 8

Butt Joint - Applicable Welds

Bevel-groove Flare-bevel-groove Flare-v-groove J-groove Square-groove

U-groove V-groove Edge-flange Braze

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Module 4 - 9

Corner Joint
A Joint between 2 members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of an L

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Module 4 - 10

Corner Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet Bevel-groove Flare-bevel-groove Flare-v-groove J-groove Square-groove U-groove

V-groove Plug Slot Spot Seam Projection Braze

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Module 4 - 11

T-Joint
A Joint between 2 members located at approximately right angles to each other in the form of a T

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Module 4 - 12

T Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet Bevel-groove Flare-bevel-groove J-groove Square-groove Plug

Slot Spot Seam Projection Braze

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Module 4 - 13

Lap Joint
A Joint between 2 overlapping members in parallel planes

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Module 4 - 14

Lap Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet Bevel-groove Flare-bevel-groove J-groove Plug

Slot Spot Seam Projection Braze

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Module 4 - 15

Edge Joint
A Joint between the edges of 2 or more parallel, or nearly parallel, members

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Module 4 - 16

Edge Joint - Applicable Welds

Bevel-groove Flare-bevel-groove Flare-v-groove J-groove Square-groove

U-groove V-groove Edge Seam

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Module 4 - 17

Joint Nomenclature
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 4, 5, 6, 7, pages 44 - 47

Joint root Groove face Root edge Root face Bevel angle Depth of bevel Groove angle

Groove radius Root opening Edge shapes

square single or double bevel single or double J round

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Module 4 - 18

Figure 4

Joint Root

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Module 4 - 19

Figure 5

Groove Face
Root Edge

Root Face

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Module 4 - 20

Figure 6

Bevel Angle
Bevel Depth Groove Angle Groove Radius Root Opening

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Figure 7 Edge Shapes

Module 4 - 21

Square

Single Bevel
Double Bevel Single J

Double J Flange

Round

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Module 4 - 22

Joint Geometry - Key Learnings

Refer to A3.0-94, Figures 4, 5, 6, pages 44 - 46 A joint root can be linear in nature, or an area A surface can be both a Root face & a Groove face An angle can be both a Bevel angle and a Groove angle

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Module 4 - 23

Weld Joints
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 8, 9, 10, 14, 15

Single groove Double-groove Flanged Joints Seam and Spot Various

p 48 p 49 p 50 p 53 p 54

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Figure 8 Single Groove Welds

Module 4 - 24

Single Square Single Bevel Single V Single J Single U Single Flare Bevel Single Flare V

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Figure 8 Single Groove Welds

Module 4 - 25

Double Square Double Bevel Double V Double J Double U Double Flare Bevel Double Flare V

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Figure 10 Flanged Welds

Module 4 - 26

Edge - Flanged Butt Edge - Melt Through Edge - Flanged Corner Square, Flare V RSW in Flanged Corner Fillet, Flare-Bevel in T

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Figure 14 Seam, Spot Welds

Module 4 - 27

Arc Seam Weld EB Seam Weld RSW Seam Weld RSW Spot Welds Arc Spot Welds

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Figure 15 Various Welds

Module 4 - 28

Upset Weld Flash Weld Surfacing Weld Slot Welds Plug Welds Fillet Welds

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Module 4 - 29

Welding Position
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 16 - 21, pages 55 - 64 Review position diagrams & tables for groove and fillet welds in plate and pipe - pages 55-57 Review welding test positions for groove and fillet welds on plate and pipe - pages 58-63 Note error in Fig 19D, page 61 Review Torch Position in Fig 21, page 64

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Module 4 - 30

Welding Beads, Sequences

Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 22 -23, pages 65 - 67 Stringer bead Weave bead Backstep sequence

Block sequence Cascade sequence Layers vs beads

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Module 4 - 31

Parts Of A Weld
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 24, pages 68 - 70

Toe Face Face reinforcement Root reinforcement Root surface Weld Root

Bead Back weld Backing weld Spacer Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ)

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Figure 24 Parts of Welds

Module 4 - 32

Weld Face Weld Toe Face Reinforcement Root Reinforcement Weld Root Back Weld Backing Weld

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Figure 24 Parts of Welds

Module 4 - 33

Weld Root Leg, Face, Toe Spacer Weld Metal Heat Affected Zone

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Figure 24 Parts of Welds

Module 4 - 34

Weld Root Weld Bead Dilution Percent

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Module 4 - 35

Weld Sizes & Terms

Refer to A3.0, Fig 25, pages 71 - 72 Concave Fillet Convex Fillet

Leg, size equal Convexity Actual throat Effective throat Theoretical throat

Leg Size (less than leg length) Concavity Actual, Effective throats equal Theoretical throat
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Module 4 - 36

Convex Fillet Weld

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Concave Fillet Weld

Module 4 - 37

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Module 4 - 38

Joint & Root Penetration

Note Incomplete Joint Penetration dimension

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Module 4 - 39

Incomplete Joint Penetration

Refer to A3.0, Fig 26 pages 75 - 76 Term used only in reference to groove welds If only Partial Penetration is intended, it is incorrect to refer to the weld as Incomplete Joint Penetration

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Incomplete Joint Penetration

Module 4 - 40

(Or Partial Joint Penetration if intended)

E total can never be > base metal thickness

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Incomplete Joint Penetration Error

Error !
Correct Dimension

Module 4 - 41

Fig 26 (c) - page 75 - Incomplete Joint Penetration reference dimension is in error on sketch

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Module 4 - 42

Melt-through, Root Surfaces

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 27, page 77

Melt-through Convex root surface Concave root surface

Slang term is suck back - Dont Use

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Module 4 - 43

Incomplete Fusion
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 29, page 79

Used in reference to both groove and fillet welds Slang term often misused is cold lap

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Incomplete Fusion - 1 of 2

Module 4 - 44

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Incomplete Fusion - 2 of 2

Module 4 - 45

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Fusion Weld Terms

Refer to A3.0, Figure 30, page 80

Module 4 - 46

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Module 4 - 47

Weld Discontinuities
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 32, 33, pages 82 - 83

Cracks - see nomenclature in Fig 33 Undercut Overlap Underfill

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ANSI/AWS A2.4-98
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination

Module 4 - 48

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Module 4 - 49

Welding Symbols - Introduction

Refer to A2.4-98

A shorthand method of conveying welding information AWS system used all over the world Modified as necessary to reflect needs of industries Very simple, but a very powerful system for conveying information

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Module 4 - 50

Weld Symbol vs Welding Symbol

A Weld Symbol indicates the type of Weld, and may be a part of the: Welding Symbol - the complete information needed to convey the necessary welding information to all parties, including the welder. It contains several elements, including the Weld Symbol.

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Weld Symbols

Module 4 - 51

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Module 4 - 52

Groove Weld Types - 8

Square Scarf V Bevel

U J Flare-V Flare-bevel

The above welds may be applied to one side or both sides of the joint, or in combination.

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Module 4 - 53

Other Weld Types - 11

Fillet Plug or Slot Stud * Spot or Projection

Seam Back or Backing Surfacing * Edge

* Stud and surfacing symbols are always placed below reference line.

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Module 4 - 54

Weld Symbols - Rules

Symbols with a perpendicular leg shall have the perpendicular leg drawn on the left side of the symbol. (fillet, bevel-groove, J-groove, and flare-bevel-groove) The symbols for Stud and Surfacing welds shall always be drawn below the reference line.

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Welding Symbol

Module 4 - 55

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Module 4 - 56

Supplementary Symbols

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Module 4 - 57

Elements of Welding Symbols

Required Elements

Optional Elements

Reference Line always horizontal Arrow

Multiple reference lines Tail Weld Symbol Dimensions Supplementary Symbols Finish Specification, Process

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Module 4 - 58

Arrow Notation

Information applicable to the arrow side of the joint is placed below the reference line Information applicable to the other side of a joint is placed above the reference line

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Module 4 - 59

Arrow Side Weld Symbols

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Module 4 - 60

Other Side Weld Symbols

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Module 4 - 61

Side Significance
The Weld Symbol straddles the reference line when there is no side Significance

Resistance Spot Weld Resistance Seam Weld Flash Weld

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Module 4 - 62

Break in Arrow Line

A break in the arrow line signifies that the member the arrow points to is the member receiving the edge preparation.

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Module 4 - 63

Combined Weld Symbols

For joints requiring more than one weld type, a weld symbol shall be used to specify each weld

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Module 4 - 64

Multiple Arrows
Two or more arrows may be used for a single reference line to denote locations where identical welds are specified.

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Module 4 - 65

Multiple Reference Lines

Two or more reference lines may be used to indicate a sequence of operations. The first operation is always on the reference line nearest the arrow.

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Module 4 - 66

Field Weld & Weld All-Around

The Field Weld symbol is a solid flag, and is always located at junction of the arrow and reference line. The Weld All-Around symbol is a circle and is located at junction of the arrow and reference line.

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Module 4 - 67

Tail
The Tail is used to specify welding process information or other such information needed to convey the necessary welding details.

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Module 4 - 68

Welding and NDE Symbols

Welding and NDE symbols can be combined on the same reference line, or on separate multiple reference lines. Combining welding and NDE symbols on multiple reference lines often clarifies the exact sequence of operations required.

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Module 4 - 69

Weld Contours & Finishing

Weld surfaces can be contoured to several shapes; convex, concave, flush, or flat. Finishing methods are abbreviated as shown. U denotes contour method is Unspecified Contour symbol w/o finish symbol means as-welded

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Module 4 - 70

Symbol Dimensions?
Tolerances, if required, are to be placed in tail Welding Symbols are usually drawn without dimension units such as inches or millimeters. But, Welding Symbols to be used for publications or those requiring high precision should be dimensioned and have the dimensional tolerances noted within the tail.

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Symbol Examples

Module 4 - 71

Arrow side - V- groove

Other side - V- groove

Both sides - V- groove

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Symbol Examples

Module 4 - 72

Back or Backing, single J-groove, fillet

Single-bevel-groove, double fillet

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Module 4 - 73

Symbol Examples

Weld all-around symbol is a very useful symbol

Multi-plane weld requirements are very simple to sketch using symbol

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Symbol Examples

Module 4 - 74

Square-groove butt with melt-through Edge weld on flanged butt with meltthrough Edge weld on flanged corner joint with melt-through

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Groove Weld Dimensions - 1 of 9

Module 4 - 75

Depth of Bevel, S, and Size of Weld, (E) placed to the left of the symbol

1/4 inch bevel with a 3/8 inch weld (No dimensions means complete penetration)

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Module 4 - 76

Groove Weld Dimensions - 2 of 9

Refer to A2.4, Fig 15, pg 31

Examples of Groove Weld Bevel & Weld Dimensions

No dimensions means complete penetration

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Module 4 - 77

Groove Weld Dimensions - 3 of 9

The Root Opening is placed within the weld symbol or just outside, and only on one side of the reference line Inches or mm per shop practice

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Module 4 - 78

Groove Weld Dimensions - 4 of 9

Groove Angle is placed just outside the weld symbol

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Module 4 - 79

Groove Weld Dimensions - 5 of 9

The length of the weld shall be placed to the right of the weld symbol. No dimension required if weld is continuous for full length of joint.

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Module 4 - 80

Groove Weld Dimensions - 6 of 9

Pitch is the distance between centers of adjacent weld segments. Pitch length is shown to the right of the weld length dimension following a hyphen.

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Module 4 - 81

Groove Weld Dimensions - 7 of 9

Chain intermittent weld dimensions are to be placed on both sides of reference line, and opposite each other

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Module 4 - 82

Groove Weld Dimensions - 8 of 9

Staggered intermittent weld dimensions are to be placed on both sides of reference line, and offset from each other.

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Module 4 - 83

Groove Weld Dimensions - 9 of 9

Refer to A2.4, Fig 30, pages 36, 37

Flare-Bevel & Flare-V welds

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Module 4 - 84

Back and Backing Welds

The back and backing weld symbols are identical. The sequence of welding determines which designation applies. Back weld made after groove weld Backing weld made before groove weld

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Module 4 - 85

Back Weld

The back weld symbol is placed on the reference line opposite the groove weld using a single reference line with note in tail. Or, use multiple reference lines.

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Module 4 - 86

Backing Weld

The backing weld symbol is placed on the reference line opposite the groove weld using a single reference line with note in tail. Or, use multiple reference lines

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Module 4 - 87

Joint With Backing

The backing symbol is placed on the reference line opposite the weld symbol. The R refers to removing the backing after welding is completed.

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Module 4 - 88

Joint With Spacer

The spacer symbol straddles the reference line within the weld symbol. Material, size in tail.

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Module 4 - 89

Fillet Weld Dimensions - 1 of 5

The fillet weld size is shown to the left of the symbol. For double fillets, each is dimensioned.

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Module 4 - 90

Fillet Weld Dimensions - 2 of 5

Arrow Side versus Other Side for Fillet welds. For double fillet welds, each is dimensioned.

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Module 4 - 91

Fillet Weld Dimensions - 3 of 5

The fillet weld size for unequal leg fillets is shown to the left of the symbol, with clarifying information in the tail.

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Module 4 - 92

Fillet Weld Dimensions - 4 of 5

The fillet weld length is shown to the right of the weld symbol. When fillet weld is the full length of the joint, no dimension is required.

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Module 4 - 93

Fillet Weld Dimensions - 5 of 5

Intermittent fillet welds follow the same rules as intermittent groove welds regarding pitch and placement of dimensions to the right of the weld symbol. Chain and staggered fillets are used Fillet weld finishing symbols same as for groove welds

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Module 4 - 94

Plug Welds - 1 of 4

Plug weld size is shown to the left of the plug weld symbol, and is preceded by the diameter symbol, . Plug weld size is the diameter of the hole at the faying surface

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Module 4 - 95

Plug Welds - 2 of 4

Countersink angle is shown just outside the weld symbol.

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Module 4 - 96

Plug Welds - 3 of 4

Depth of filling is shown as a linear dimension within the plug weld symbol when less than complete.

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Module 4 - 97

Plug Welds - 4 of 4

The pitch is shown to the right of the symbol. The number of plug welds is shown just outside the weld symbol, in parentheses

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Module 4 - 98

Slot Welds
The slot weld symbol is identical to the plug weld symbol All conventions for slot welds are identical to that of plug welds except that the diameter symbol, , is not used for slot welds The primary difference between the two types is the slot is an elongated hole having a width and length rather than a diameter

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Module 4 - 99

Slot Weld Symbol

Slot Welds Note: No symbol is used

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Module 4 - 100

Spot or Projection Welds - 1 of 4

The spot weld symbol may straddle the reference line when there is no side significance, or be placed on either side if significant. Spot size or strength to left of symbol Projection weld symbols are shown above or below the reference line, and require the PW designation in the tail of the symbol.

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Module 4 - 101

Spot or Projection Welds - 2 of 4

Welding symbol showing spot weld size, number, and welding method.

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Module 4 - 102

Spot or Projection Welds - 3 of 4

Spacing is shown to the right of the symbol Number required is shown just outside the symbol, in parentheses

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Module 4 - 103

Spot or Projection Welds - 4 of 4

Projection weld symbol

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Module 4 - 104

Seam Welds - 1 of 2
Symbol may be on either side, or straddling reference line Dimensioning as before; size to left of symbol, length and pitch to right May be specified by size or strength May be continuous or intermittent Number shown in parentheses above or below weld symbol

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Module 4 - 105

Seam Welds - 2 of 2

Seam weld welding symbol. Note info in tail

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Module 4 - 106

Edge Welds - 1 of 3
Used to specify edge welds on edge joints and flanged butt or flanged corner joints Full thickness of joint members must be fused Size to left of symbol, length and pitch to right May be continuous or intermittent

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Module 4 - 107

Edge Welds - 2 of 3

Edge weld symbol application

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Module 4 - 108

Edge Welds - 3 of 3

Edge weld symbol application with 3 members

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Module 4 - 109

Stud Welds - 1 of 3
Stud weld symbol always on arrow side Size (diameter of stud) to left of symbol, pitch to right Number in parentheses just outside symbol

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Module 4 - 110

Stud Welds - 2 of 3

Stud weld symbol application

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Module 4 - 111

Stud Welds - 3 of 3

Stud weld symbol application, multiple arrows

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Module 4 - 112

Surfacing Welds - 1 of 3
Surfacing weld symbol always on arrow side Applies to single or multiple layers Size (thickness) to left of symbol Location, direction of welding in tail or a drawing reference

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Module 4 - 113

Surfacing Welds - 2 of 3

Surfacing weld symbol application

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Module 4 - 114

Surfacing Welds - 3 of 3

Two Weld Layers

Surfacing weld symbol application, multiple layers

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Module 4 - 115

Brazing Symbols - 1 of 3
Brazing symbol shows joint geometry, clearance, type of braze process, size of braze, pitch Special cleaning requirements, before or after brazing, can be noted in tail or on drawing

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Module 4 - 116

Brazing Symbols - 2 of 3

Brazing symbol application in scarf joint

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Module 4 - 117

Brazing Symbols - 3 of 3

Brazing symbol with dimensions and braze type

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Module 4 - 118

NDE Symbols - 1 of 2
All conventions used are similar, if not identical to Welding Symbols Must be familiar with NDE abbreviations for test methods Supplementary symbols have slightly different meaning Number of tests, extent of testing must be specified

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Module 4 - 119

NDE Symbols - 2 of 2

Note items and position of placement

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Module 4 - 120

NDE Abbreviations
AET ET LT MT NRT

PT PRT RT UT VT

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Module 4 - 121

NDE Supplementary Symbols

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Module 4 - 122

NDE Symbol Application - 1 of 2

RT symbol, with angle of radiation incidence

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Module 4 - 123

NDE Symbol Application - 2 of 2

MT symbol, both sides for 6 inch length

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Module 4 - 124

A2.4-98 - Back of Book

Table 1 - letter designations of processes Table 2 - alphabetical cross reference to Table 1 by process Table 3 - alphabetical cross reference to Table 1 by letter designation Annex A & AM - Design of Standard Symbols Annex B - Commentary on A2.4-98 Welding Symbol Chart

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