BEXS100 - Basic Electricity

Unit 4

Magnetism:
the basic laws governing magnetism and how they relate to electricity

Objectives:
At the completion of this unit you will be able to:

Understand the properties of permanent magnets Understand the operation of electromagnets Determine the polarity of an electromagnet Define terms used to describe magnetism and magnetic quantities

Introduction to Magnetism
One of the most important phenomena in the study of electricity The force of magnetism has been known for over 2000 years (Greeks) Stones with magnetic qualities (magnetite) were first found in Magnesia in Asia Minor In the Dark Ages magnetism was thought to be caused by evil spirits

Electromagnetics
Terms to remember:

Permeability - a measure of a materials willingness to become magnetized Reluctance - a materials resistance to magnetism Saturation - the point when an increase in current fails to significantly increase the magnetic field Residual Magnetism - the amount of magnetism left once current flow has stopped

The Earth is a Magnet

Geographic poles vs. magnetic poles lodestones Angle of declination

THE FIRST COMPASS

Permanent Magnets:
Magnets that do not require any power or force to maintain their field

One of the basic laws of magnetism states: Energy is required to create a magnetic field, but no energy is required to maintain a magnetic field

The Electron Theory of Magnetism

What makes materials such as iron, nickel, or cobalt, a natural magnetic material
Electron spin theory Electrons become tiny permanent magnets Electrons in most materials spin in opposite directions Once paired they tend to cancel out any magnetic properties

The Electron Theory of Magnetism

What makes materials like iron different than most materials: An Atom of iron contains 26 electrons 22 of the electrons are paired and cancel each other out The remaining 4 electrons located in the next to the outermost shell do not become paired and spin in the same direction These 4 electrons account for the magnetic properties of iron

The Electron Theory of Magnetism

What makes materials like iron different than most materials: As atoms combine to form molecules They arrange themselves to form a total of 8 valence electrons In most materials the electrons cancel each other out In materials such as iron, the magnetic fields add rather than cancel This additive effect forms regions in the molecular structure of the metal called: Magnetic Domains or Magnetic Molecules

Magnetic Domains/Molecules

Magnetic Materials
The three basic classifications:

Ferromagnetic - metals that are easily

magnetized; iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese

Paramagnetic - metals that can be magnetized but

not as easily as ferromagnetic; platinum,titanium,and chromium

Diamagnetic - metal or non-metallic materials that

cannot be magnetized; copper,brass, and antimony
Note: Alloys often make the best permanent magnet materials. Combinations of such metals as aluminum, nickel, cobalt, copper, and iron (Alnico 5) are commonly used in the production of permanent

Magnetic Lines of Force

Magnetic lines of force are called flux Magnetic lines of flux repel each other & never cross Lines of flux do not flow but it is assumed that they run North to South

One of the basic laws of magnetism: Unlike poles attract - Like poles repel

Electromagnetics
A basic law of physics: Whenever an electric current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is formed around the conductor Electromagnets depend on electrical current flow They do not retain their magnetic field once current flow stops

Electromagnetics
Factors that effect electromagnetic fields: Winding the conductor into a coil increases the strength of the magnetic field A coil with 10 turns of wire will increase the magnetic field around the conductor by 10 The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the amount of current flowing through the conductor
Ampere-Turns

is determined by multiplying the number of turns of wire by the current flow

Electromagnetics
Core Materials: magnetic/non-magnetic materials around which the conductor is coiled Two Types:

Air core electromagnets

>Core is made of Non-magnetic material

Iron core electromagnets

>Made of magnetic materials
>Greatly increases strength of the magnetic field by increasing the number of flux lines

Magnetic Measurement
The 3 different systems used to measure the strength of a magnetic field: The English System - flux density

The CGS System - centimeter-gram-second

The MKS System - meter-kilogram-second

Magnetic Polarity
Determining the Polarity of an Electromagnet

The Left-Hand Rule

Demagnetizing
Disarranging molecules in a magnetic material

Magnetic Devices
Electromagnets Measuring instruments Inductors Transformers Motors Generators;Alternators
A Speaker uses both a permanent magnet and an electromagnet

Summary
Energy is required to create a magnetic field, but no energy is required to maintain a magnetic field Unlike poles attract, like poles repel Whenever current flows through a conductor a magnetic field is formed around the conductor The direction of current flow through a conductor determines the polarity of the magnetic field

Elizabethtown Technical College

Basic Electricity BEXS100/101 Text: Delmars Standard Textbook of Electricity Unit 4 - Magnetism