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1.1
A distributed system organized as middleware Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines
Access
Location
Migration
Relocation Replication Concurrency Failure Persistence
Scalability Problems
Concept Example
Centralized services
Centralized data Centralized algorithms
Scaling Techniques
1. Hiding communication latencies 2. Distribution 3. Replication
1.4
1.5
Hardware Concepts
1.6
systems
Multiprocessors (1)
1.7
A bus-based multiprocessor
Multiprocessors (2)
1.8
1-9
a) Grid b) Hypercube
Software Concepts
System DOS NOS Middleware Description Tightly-coupled OS for multi-processors and homogeneous multicomputers Loosely-coupled OS for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN) Additional layer atop of NOS implementing general-purpose services Main Goal Hide and manage hardware resources Offer local services to remote clients Provide distribution transparency
An overview of DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware
1.11
1.14
b)
c)
1.18
1-19
1-20
Positioning Middleware
1-22
1.23
In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications
Network OS
Low No N
Middlewarebased OS
High No N
Shared memory
Global, central No Closed
Messages
Global, distributed Moderately Closed
Files
Per node Yes Open
Model specific
Per node Varies Open
A comparison between multiprocessor OS, multicomputer OS, network OS, and middleware based distributed systems
Processing Level
1-28
The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers
1-29
1-30
Modern Architectures
1-31