VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, & CONSONANTS

by: SUSAN O. SANTOS

ORGANS OF SPEECH

Let thy speech be

better than silence, or be silent. . .

DEFINITION
Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners.

TYPES OF SPEECHES
the principle purpose of a speech will generally fall into four

basic types

Informative Persuasive Entertaining Technical

SPEECH
Is an index of man. Through the spoken word, man shares his thoughts and sentiments with others; he reveals his personality.

Most of our speech is manifested in conversations. We tell stories, exchange pleasantries, report happenings and events, give advice.

In our daily communication, we exercise some kind of fellowship with others also called rapport or friendly understanding. Man communicates daily through language he speaks, he listens, he reads, he writes. And, of all these activities, it is speech he engages in most often. It is said that the average person utters about 5,000 words daily, communicates verbally about ten to eleven hours a day or a total of 70% of active hours of listening, speaking, reading, writing. Indeed, man communicates orally from morning till evening, and conveys to other human beings his thinking and his feelings.

Speech is a experience. When we speak, we give; we also receive. We get something out of speech; others are able to get something out of our speech, too. As sender of a message, we encode, meaning that we transform message, into information. And, as receiver, we decode, or interpret message into meaning.

INFORMATIVE SPEECH
In an informative speech you Explain something to people Help people to understand something Show them how to do something

POINTS TO REMEMBER

You have to remember that the whole purpose of your speech is to teach the audience something that they don't already know. The audience need time to take in what you've said. If you speak too quickly your audience will be trying to understand one sentence while you're speaking the next sentence!

EXAMPLES

The speech given by the head of an organization A computer programmer speaking about new software A travelogue about the tour A teacher telling students about something

PERSUASIVE SPEECH
The persuasive speech is To sell an audience on an idea To promote a specific product To convince someone to take action You want them To think, act and believe in what you want them to

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Make use of graphs and supporting documentation Present some facts and figures but make sure that they're accurate and that they support your point of view. If there have been similar problems you can tell your audience how they were solved. Try to make it personal to your listeners, if it's going to effect their family, home or job they will start to take notice.

EXAMPLES

Improve your health through better eating Television violence is negatively influencing our children Become a volunteer and change the world

THREE TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECH

1. Speech to convince to move mentally 2. Speech to actuate to move physically; to arouse action 3. Speech to stimulate or impress to move emotionally

ENTERTAINING SPEECH
Entertaining speeches are Usually short Giving the audience an enjoyable experience Leave the audience with a favorable impression not only of himself or herself, but also of the organization To amuse through humors, stories or illustrations

PURPOSE OF ENTERTAINING SPEECH

Crowd pleaser Get promotion Hold attention

POINTS TO REMEMBER

The speech still must make a valid point or argument, but it can be done using humor A speech to entertain may be either informative or persuasive in nature, but the supporting materials are selected primarily based on their entertainment value.

EXAMPLES
After dinner speech Comic monologues

SPECIAL TYPES OF SPEECHES

The After-Dinner Speech One that is delivered after luncheon or dinner meetings. A talk after dinner may be a serious, dignified discussion of a problem; it may also be a hilarious selection and relating of anecdotes. a. The serious after-dinner speech Serious transactions are done during lunches, suppers, dinners, and even during breakfast. Examples: Tribute given to officers or members during banquets Top executives engage in policy determination over the dinner table, etc. b. The entertaining after-dinner speech one that makes ample use of humor as its primary ingredient. Humor that is relevant, appropriate, fresh, pointed and compact. It would even be best if it could be rehearsed. The speaker should not let his speech just drag along. He should not be dull. His speech should be well planned.
1.

2. The Speech of Goodwill Here, the speakers introduction should arouse curiosity about the institution or cause represented. He should explain how his proposal is designed to meet the needs of the community. He must indicate how the organization he represents can directly benefit the listeners. a. Ceremonial speech is one type of goodwill speech. This expresses courtesies appropriate to an occasion and impresses the audience with the significance of ideas.

3. The Speech of Courtesy This is given either as a personal obligation or on behalf of an organization. These speeches of courtesy mark different occasions, such as: an awards day, acceptance of an honor, the arrival or departure of a visiting official, an inauguration, the organizational meeting of a club, or a commencement ceremony.

The Speeches of Courtesy include the following: a. Speech of Introduction - the speaker analyzes the audience, the occasion, and the guest speaker, whom he should never embrace by extravagant praise. Humor may be used as long as it is appropriate and in good taste. In this way the audience will be at ease. b. Speech of Presentation in a speech to present a gift, prize or award, one tells why the presentation is made. Express the satisfaction felt by the donor in making the presentation. And he should make the actual presentation himself. c. Speech of Acceptance the speaker expresses appreciation for the gift or award; minimizes own services and magnifies services of associates. After his tributes to the donor, he concludes by graciously accepting the gift. - a simple thank you is enough when numerous awards are handed out at one time, or at an honors convocation.

d. Speech of Welcome the speaker identifies the group extending the welcome and the recipient of the welcome. He makes complimentary remarks about the individual or group he is welcoming. He explains the reason for the visit. He mentions the mutual benefits expected through the association, and he concludes by specifically extending the welcome. (One of two sentences may sum up the gist of the whole speech)

Example: So Major Torrenueva, the city of Cebu and the whole Cebu Province extend a most cordial welcome. We hope that your stay with us would be most enjoyable, and that the provinces climate and sceneries would offer you your much-needed relaxation and pleasure.

e. Speech of Response to a Welcome this is largely impromptu, and follows a speech of welcome. It must be brief. - the speaker names those he is speaking for and those he is speaking to. He expresses genuine appreciation for being so honored. He makes complimentary remarks about the group or agency extending the welcome. He states that he is looking forward to a pleasant association.

f.

Speech of Farewell when someone retires, leaves an organization or community, moves to a new position, he is likely to be the guest of honor at a ceremony and he called upon for a speech.
- here, the speaker expresses his genuine regrets about leaning. He indicates that he holds the group in high esteem. He predicts future cordial relations and concludes by wishing the group farewell. (This short conclusion must not drag. A common expression is: Good-bye and God bless you.)

POINTS TO REMEMBER

This is informative but goes beyond simple information. It may be a presentation to peers at a professional meeting May be an official presentation to a group such as regulatory body

BRIEF REMARKS

It is actually the category of the speech, which are given on special occasions as expression of thanks, welcome or acceptance.

They are not scripted. Speaker give the remarks in his or her own words. But if it is a highly official function, it is better to use a script.

PLANNING FOR SPEECH

A proper planning is required before a speech Choose the topic Do some research Remember the information you are going to provide to your audience should be new and valuable The information should be accurate

4PS FOR PLANNING . PLAN . PREPARE . PRACTICE . PRESENT

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING

a) b) c)

Purpose of the speech Decide what you wish to speak about Do you wish to: Instruct and inform Convince, persuade, influence or motivate Amuse and entertain What are the objectives of your speech Know your audience

PARING
If you have done your research well, you will have many more ideas that you can introduce in a single speech. Begin paring. Select the three most important ideas you want people in the audience to carry away with them.

You should

Repeat the ideas Introduce the audience in a logical sequence Using relationships that aid retention Use anecdotes

PERSUADING
Logical proof Emotional appeal Give reasons

MECHANICS OF ORGANIZATION

Start with a title Write down the purpose List the ideas you want the audience to retain Write a conclusion

Developing courage and self

confidence

Know thoroughly what you are going to talk about. Act Confident. The right way to prepare. Practice ! Practice ! Practice !

ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

Research Organize

Understand
Confidence Practice, Prepare & platform presence

 Research Do your homework Know your audience

Organize Slides or Visuals Hand Outs Practice And Prepare Use Equipment Get Feedback Platform presence

Platform Presence

Why One Speaker Draws Better Than Another? How are you affected by clothes Even Before We Speak, We Are Condemned or Approved

SYMPTOMS OF FEAR IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

Shortness of breath Feeling of choking Trembling Chest pain Accelerated heart rate Fear of fainting Fear of losing control Sadness, anger, and guilt Hot or cold flashes Numbness Physical distress Panic attacks Blushing Chocking Burning skin sensation Body tremors Chest pain Flu-like symptoms Fear of dying Brain fog Ringing in the ears Involuntary prolongation of sounds Breathing difficulties

CONTROLLING FEAR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

Preparation, Practice, Presence

3PS - TAKES YOU FROM THIS

TO THIS.

1. Realize the source. The source of your fear is this: not knowing what will happen when you are in front of people, giving your speech or presentation. Your fear is not that you don't know your topic. It is that you don't know what will happen when you step to the podium or table. The fear of being judged, making a mistake, not measuring up, getting hurt either mentally or physically can get in the way of a good performance (speech, seminar, sales presentation, etc). Remember that people in the audience really want you to succeed. Nobody is standing there hoping you'll be boring or bad. If you are coming from an authentic place, and you cover the material with clarity, you've won 3/4 of your inner battle with fear.

2.

Face Down Your Fears. If you feel your knees turning to jelly out of fear, remind yourself that fear stands for False Evidence Appearing Real. Almost certainly, whatever it is that you're frightened of won't happen. If there is a real worry, for example you've forgotten an important prop, do something about it and then stop worrying. Remember, you can always rationalize

3. Breathe Deeply. Practicing a breathing exercise before you go on will relax your body and mind. Here's one that you can do anywhere, even in the wings. Stand still and feel the ground beneath your feet. Close your eyes and imagine yourself suspended from the ceiling by a thin thread. Just listen to your breathing and tell yourself there is no rush. Slow your breathing until you can count to 6 seconds of in-breath and 6 seconds of out-breath. You'll now go on in a totally relaxed and confident mood. 4. Relax. Relaxing is the art of letting go. There are many ways to let go. You can imagine you're made of rubber . Or you can sit in front of a mirror and make a horse's laugh with your lips. Why not lie on the ground and pretend you're floating? Or, just collapse on the ground like a limp doll. Letting go un-tenses the body and makes you more at ease and relaxed.

5. Learn how to enroll and engage

your audience. If you haven't yet taken a professional development course on public speaking, consider finding a public speaking training course appropriate for your needs. Learning the art of public speaking can enhance your results in a boardroom, in a sales presentation, and even accelerate your climb up the corporate ladder. It is a must-skill for any executive and/or business owner.
6. Make use of the wall push. The wall push was a technique used by Yul Brynner, star of the musical "The King and I". This is what you do. Stand about 18" away from a wall and place your palms flat on it. Push against the wall. As you push, your abdominal muscles will contract. As you breath out, hiss and contract the muscles below your rib cage as if you were rowing a boat against the current. Do this a few times, and you'll banish all feelings of stagefright.

7.Recognize that people can't see your nervousness. When you're walking out onto the stage toward the podium, no one knows you're nervous. Your stomach could be in knots and you feel like you're going to be sick, but you really aren't showing nervous behavior. Sometimes, with public speaking, you think that people may notice you're nervous. This makes you even more nervous. There are only a few subtle cues that show a person is nervous and they're so small, that the ordinary person wouldn't put more than 1 second into them. Don't worry so much. People don't see that extreme nervous beast inside you.Bluff. Stand tall, with shoulders back and chest out. Smile. Even though you dont feel happy or confident, do it anyway. You will look confident and your body will fool your brain into thinking it is confident.

8. Know that adrenaline sends the blood rushing to the fight/flight centres of your brain at the base of the skull. Place your hand on your forehead and press gently on the bony points. This will bring the blood to the parts of the brain that need it to present your speech best.

9. Practice. Find business organizations, networks and clubs in your area (such as Toastmasters) that can afford you the opportunity to practice. Remember to choose topics that you are already an expert on. Speaking on a topic that you are not familiar with will increase your stress, and impede on your performance.

10. Buy some recording software, and record everything on your laptop. Review it to see where you can improve. Have speaking pros attend your live presentation to give you feedback. Allow yourself the opportunity to learn more every time you go out.

11. Prepare. Make sure you know the material that you're going to cover. Make a detailed outline, and break it into basic points to memorize. Include subpoints and the title of speech. Here is an idea to help you build a speech that flows well:

Associate each part of the outline into a "room" in your house. Your first point is your entry room. The second point is your hallway/kitchen/living room (as you step through your house in your imagination), etc. Associate each sub point with pictures on the wall. Have the pictures demonstrate something that will help you remember your point. The more ridiculous, the better the speech will stick (as long as you don't get distracted). The morning of the presentation, walk through "the house" in your mind to "decode" the memorization technique.

HOW TO MEMORIZE YOUR TALK

Impression

Repetition

Association

How to open a Talk

Arouse the curiosity Begin with specific illustration

Ask a question
The attention power of shocking facts

How to close a Talk

Summarize your points Appeal for action

A humorous close
Closing with a poetical Quotation

HOW TO MAKE YOUR MEANING CLEAR

MAJOR GOALS OF EVERY TALK

To Make Something Clear.
To Impress And Convince.

To Get Action.
To Entertain.

Certain Points For Clear Talk

Use Comparisons To Promote Clearness
Avoid Jargon(technical Terms) Appeal To The Sense Of Sight Restate Your Important Ideas In Different Words

HOW TO INTEREST YOUR AUDIENCE

People Are Interested In Extraordinary Facts About Ordinary Things. Our Chief Interest Is Ourselves. Be A Good Conversationalist. Be Concrete And Definite. Always Remember Interest Is Contagious.

THANK YOU