Power System Control

and Operation

National Control Center

System Control and Operation Division
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
 Thailand Power System
EGAT
Generation
Generation IPP

SPP

Neighboring Country

Transmission
Transmission EGAT

MEA
Distribution
Distribution
PEA
06/10/09
 Thailand

EGAT Direct Customers

Generation

Transmission

Consumers

MEA/PEA
Distribution
Generation Operation Planning
Load Commissioning Maintenance Fuel Supply Irrigation
Fuel Cost
Forecast Plant Schedule Plan Requirement

Input
Constraints Output
Transmission System 3 Years
Constraints Operating Program

Power Plant Yearly Operating

Constraints Program

Environmental Monthly Operating

Generation Operation Planning
Restriction Program

Power Purchase Weekly Operating

Agreement Program

Fuel Supply
Agreement Daily Plan
 Transmission System
Analysis
Transmission System Analysis

Problem Case Study Steady State Study Contingency Study

-Large Disturbance -Load Flow and - Fault Calculation

Study Power Flow Study - Transient Stability
-Voltage Collapse - Determine Constrain
Study - Switching Study
-System Oscillation - Test for N-1 Criteria
Study
 Mae Moh 2400 MW

Sirikit 500 MW
THB-H 214 MW
Bhumipol 779.2 MW

Lan Krabue 237 MW

Nampong 710 MW
Laos DPR
EGAT
VRK-H 300 MW
LTK-H 500 MW
Pak Moon 136 MW
Power System
HHO-H 140 MW

SNR-H 720 MW
WN 2,031 MW
EPEC 350 MW
BPK 3,675 MW
Glow IPP 713 MW 132 kV HVAC Interconnection
TECO 700 MW Ratch
3,481 MW IPT 700 MW Rayong 1,232 MW
230 kV Transmission System

Bangkok and Metropolitan 300 kV HVDC Interconnection

-SB 2,888 MW
-NCO 366 MW 500 kV Transmission System

Thermal Power Station

RPB-H 240 MW
Khanom 824 MW
Hydro Power Station
SRT-G 244 MW

Combined Cycle Power Station

Krabi 300 MW

Gas Turbine Power Station

HVDC 300 MW BLG-H 72 MW
HVAC 60 MW
TNB
 Thailand Power System

Generations
- Hydro
- Thermal
- Combined Cycle
- Gas Turbine
- HVDC
 Energy Generation Fiscal Year
Coal 2003 Natural Gas
17.2% 66.2%

Energy Generation and Purchased

Year 2006 (141,948 GWh)

Hydro 7.4% Fuel Oil and Diesel

Import, Others 2.9% 6.4%
 Energy Generation by Fuel 2007

Renewable
Diesel Hydro 1.3% Malaysia
0.0% 6.4% 1.1%
Coal
20.0%

Gas
Fuel Oil 67.2%
4.1%
 Installed Capacity (April 2007)
SPP Private producers
7.64% and import
EGAT Non-Hydro 40%
46.76%
IPP
30.24%

Imported
EGAT Installed EGAT Hydro 2.42%
Capacity 60% 12.94%

Total Installed Capacity

27,788.46 MW
Installed Capacity – by type of plants

Hydro HVDC 1.1% Others 0.8%

14.3%

Combined Cycle
and Gas Turbines 52.3%
Thermal 31.5%
 Transmission Lines
500 kV = 2,790 cct km

230 kV = 11,314 cct km 69/115/132 kV = 14,214 cct km

500 kV = 9 stn (11,050 MVA) 230 kV = 54stn
(36,093 MVA)
Substations

69/115/132 kV = 134 stn (14,735 MVA)

EGAT Transmission System
Voltage Length Number of
Level (kV) (circuit km) Station
500 2,790 9
230 11,314 54
132 9 1
115 14,214 134
69 52 2
Total 28,379 200
 Northern
Gen. 3,945 MW
Load 2,110 MW

Central North Eastern

Gen. 1,500 MW LAOS
Gen. 2,236 MW
Load 2,290 MW Load 2,340 MW 340 MW

West
Gen. 5,257 MW Eastern
Load 2,380 MW Gen. 7,830 MW
Metropolitan Load 3,090 MW
Gen. 2,745 MW
Load 7,950 MW

Southern
Direction of
Gen. 1,721 MW
Load 1,640 MW Power Flow
Malaysia
Tie Line 350 MW
 Load Center is in Central & Metropolitan Area
 Peak Demand 24 April 2007

MW Installed Capacity 27,788.46 MW MW

28,000 28,000

26,000 26,000
22,586.1 MW 24,000
24,000 Hydro
22,000 22,000
20,000 20,000
18,000 18,000
16,000 Thermal 16,000
14,000 14,000
12,000 Combine Cycle 12,000
10,000 10,000
8,000 8,000
6,000 6,000
IPP + Foreign
4,000 4,000
2,000 2,000
SPP & TNB 10 % 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time
Daily Load Curve
MW
22,000
4 May 06
26 April 05 21,064.3 MW
20,537 MW
21,000 30 March 04
19,325.8 MW
20,000
7 May 2003
18,121.4 MW
19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000 Percentage Increase from previous year

2549 = 2.57
14,000 2548 = 6.27
2547 = 6.65
2546 = 8.63
13,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time
 Seasonal Daily Load Curve

19,000
18,000

17,000
16,000
Weekday - Summer
15,000 Weekday - Winter
MW

14,000 Sunday - Summer

Sunday - Winter
13,000
12,000

11,000

10,000
1:00

4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
0:00
2:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00

16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
0:00
Energy Statistic Year 2001 - 2005
480 140000
137,361.0 (+9.61%)

457.5 135000

Annual Generation and Purchase (GWh)

431.4 (+8.61%)
435 6 May 05 130000

125,318.79 (+7.35%)
Peak Energy (GWh)

412.5 125000

397.2 (+3.73%)
390 27 April 04 120000
382.9 (+10.0%)
7 May 03
116,743.45 (+7.71%)
367.5 115000

348.1 (+3.79%)
3 April 02
345 110000

108,389.24 (+5.06%)
335.4
322.5 24 April 01 105000

103,165.20
300 100000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
 Daily Power Generation Curve
21000
20000

MW
19000
18000
Peaking Load Generation
17000
16000
15000 Int. Load Generation
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
Base Load Generation
8000
7000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time (Hours)
 MW

10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
1:00 19000
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00

LoadDemand
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00

SpinningReserve
12:00
13:00
14:00
Daily Reserve Capacity

15:00
16:00
17:00
StandbyReserve

18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
Criteria of Power System Operation

 Reliabilities (N-1)
• Securities
• Stabilities
• Constraints
 Qualities
• Voltage
• Frequency
 Least Cost Operation
 Safety and Environmental Restriction
 800
700
600
Spinning Reserve
500
MW400
300 800
200 700
100 600
0 500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MW400
Gen. SpinningReserve Unit Number 300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Gen. SpinningReserve Unit Number
 Reserve Capacity Requirement
Reserve Type Time to Use Type of Plant Minimum Dispatcher
Requirement

Spinning 5 Minutes Any 700 MW AGC, NCC

Quick Start 5-30 Minutes Hydro, OCGT - NCC

Standby

Low Cost 6 Hours CCGT - NCC,

Standby Day Ahead

Reserved 3-7 Day Thermal - Week Ahead

Shutdown
 Pumped Storage Operation
2
Concept
1.5
Baht/kWh

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

LTK-Summer LTK-winter SRMC-Summer SRMC-Winter

Modes of Power System Operation

Normal

Restorative Alert

Emergency
National Control Center (NCC)
EGAT Control Centers

Northern Area
North Eastern Area
Control Center
Control Center (NEC)
(NAC)
Metropolitan Area
Control Center
(MCC)
Central Area
National Control Control Center
Center (NCC) (CAC)
500 kV
230 kV
Southern Area
Control Center
(SAC)
 Power PT
Plants
T Generation

MAC
NCC
MEA
PEA

PEA CA Transmission

C NEC
PEA
SAC
PEA NAC
PEA
National Control Center (NCC)

• Generation Dispatch
• Main Grid System Security (500 kV & 230 kV)
• Frequency Control
• Voltage Control
• Switching Operation ( Supervision )
• Power Flow in main Transmission Line
• Power System Restoration ( Supervision )
• Co-operate with IPP, SPP, Neighboring
Country and Fuel Supplier (PTT)
• Manage Spinning Reserve
Regional Control Center (MAC,
CAC, NEC, SAC and NAC)
• Local Network Reliability
• Switching Operation ( Action )
• Local Network Restoration
• Voltage Control
• Power Flow in the own area
• Co-ordinate with PEA, MEA
• Substation Remote Control
 Responsibility of Control Centers
National Control Center
 Main Grid System Security
 Generation Dispatch
 Frequency Control
 Voltage Control
 Supervision of switching operation
 Monitor power flow
in the main grid
 Power System Restoration
 Spinning Reserve management
 Co-ordinate with IPPs, SPPs,
and Fuel Suppliers
Regional Control Centers
 Local Network Reliability
 Local Generation Control
 Switching Operation
 Regional Voltage Control
 Regional Power Flow Control
 Regional Network Restoration
 Co-ordinate with MEA/PEA
 Substation Remote Control
Type of Communication networks

• Very High Frequency (UHF)

• Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
• Power Line Carrier (PLC)
• Optic fiber
• Telephone
- (EGAT system)
- (TOT system)
 The Objective of National Control
Center (NCC)
Maintaining Reliability of Power System
 Maintain sufficient spinning reserve (Largest Unit)
 Control Power Flow to meet N-1 Criteria (sustain outage of
an equipment)
 Carry out switching operation according to safety procedure
 Optimal Dispatch

Emergency Plan
 Blackout Restoration Procedure
 Action plan for generation or gas shortage
 Personnel of National Control Center
Shift in Charge
System Operator 1 System Operator 2
(Generation) (Switching)
• Generation Dispatch • Switching operation that
• Control Frequency involved power plants
• Control Voltage • Issue dispatch documents
• Manage water release for IPPs, SPPs
• Fuel Management • Network Monitoring
System Operator 3
(Data and Reports)
• Summarize amount Generation and Demand
• Summarize events in the system
• Update Log book
Frequency Control

Demand
Generation
50.0
51 0 49

 Power generation to meet demand satisfactorily

 Standard of Frequency 50.00 ± 0.5 Hz
 Frequency Control (Cont.)

Tools for Frequency Control

 Speed droop and governor action
 Secondary response
Automatic generation control (AGC)
Operator dispatching
 Quick start generator
 HVDC (TNB-EGAT) Frequency limit control Function
when freq. drops to 49.75 Hz)
 Pumped storage shedding (49.5, 49.3 Hz)
 Load shedding scheme (49.0 - 47.9 Hz)
Generation Dispatch
Automatic Generation Control
 System Gen.

Spinning Reserve
 Voltage Control
+10%

+ 8%

+ 5% Standard of Voltage Profile

Normal  Normal Nominal ± 5%

Nominal Condition  Alert Nominal ± 8%
kV  Emergency Nominal ± 10%
Alert
- 5% Condition

- 8%
Emergency
-10% Condition
 Tools for Voltage Control

• National Control Center (230 and 500 kV)

• 230 kV Capacitor Bank
• Power station shunt reactor
• Synchronous condenser
• MVar of Generator
• Line switching
• Regional Control Center (115 kV and lower)
• 115 kV and MV Capacitor Bank
• Substation shunt reactor
• Transformer onload tap changing
Procedures of Voltage Control
High Voltage situation Low Voltage situation
Adjust tap position Energize Line

Reduce Var from Gen. Units Synchronous Condenser

Switch off C-Bank Remove Shunt Reactor

Switch on Shunt Reactor Switch on C-Bank

Synchronous Condenser Increase Var from Gen.Units

De-energize Lines Adjust Tap Position

 Operation - Normal Condition

 Feed-forward control technique

• During period of rapid and substantial load change i.e. load
change rate of 300 MW/min
• Adjust voltage profile 5 – 10 minutes prior
• Procedures of voltage control is applied manually by
dispatcher using combination of reactive power sources.
• Maintain at +2% to +5% of nominal values for peak period
Voltage Profile during rapid load
change period

C-Bank
C-Bank

C-Bank
Operation - Emergency Condition
 Tripping of main transmission lines, Gen. unit, SVC causing
shortage of reactive sources and low voltage.
 In severe case may lead to voltage collapse.
 Voltage deviation is allowed at +/- 10% while bringing the
system back to normal state.
 Special Protection Scheme (i.e. Load Shedding scheme) in
critical areas to prevent cascaded tripping of other lines or
equipments.
 During the period of Generation shortage
• Reduce voltage in distribution network to reduce total system
load
 System Control and Supporting Functions
Operational Investment
Planning Planning

Generation Operation Transmission Operation

Planning Planning
System Control Center
Emergency Plan Study Technology

Emergency Protection
Prevention Plan System
Power System
System
Control Control Centers
Restoration Plan Computer

Contracts Statistical and

Event Analysis
Management Index Calculation

Post Control Management and Analysis

Conditions for Power Purchase

 Grid Code
 System Interconnection Agreement (HVDC SIA
between EGAT-TNB)
 HVDC Supplementary Agreement (Bulk Energy
Purchase)
 Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
 Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
 Small Power Producers (SPPs)
 EGAT Power Plants
 Power System Study

 Steady state study (for transmission equipment

maintenance)
 N-1 Criteria
 Using PSS/E and Areva
 Transient Study
 Short Circuit Applied ( 3L-G, 1L-G )
 Short Circuit Study+Stability Study ( PSSE )
 Introduction to Blackout
What is a Blackout?
- Blackout causes zero frequency and
voltage at all substations will be
zero and every power plant
connected to system is tripped
Effect of Blackout?
- loss of service to all loads and
causes serious disaster to economics,
society, human being and foreign
investors
1. Loss of large generation
Cause of System Blackout
2. Transmission system unstable
3. Fuel supply trouble
4. No protection when frequency
down
5. Special protection not
sufficient
6. State estimator or computer
control error
7. Protective relay malfunction
Blackout Experiences in Thailand

- Occurred once on 18 March 1978 at

the system load 1,336 MW restoration
time 9 hrs 20 minutes
Cause South Bangkok
thermal power plant 4 unit trip due to
fuel supply system trouble total loss of
generation amount 1,030 MW or 77%
of system
 Procedure for
Blackout Restoration
 Restoration Procedure

Northern
region NorthNorth
Eastern
Northern area Control Center
regionarea
Eastern
Control
Central region Center
Central area Control Center Metropolitan
area area Control Cen
Metropolitan

National Control Center

Southern
Southern arearegion
Control Center
Blackout restoration plan Responsibility
System Blackout NCC

Analyze cause of Blackout NCC & RCC

System resetting RCC

Divide Energizing area into RCC

smaller zone
Black start power plant in PLANT/NCC/RCC
each area
Energizing Line RCC

Restore system to load RCC

Synchronizing system in each NCC & RCC
area together
Gradually supply energy to RCC
load
 Restoration criteria

1. Open bkr of total equipment except the shunt reactor which

must maintain the old status before event
2. First energize 230 kV line or 115 kV line only 1 cct.
3. Control voltage between -5% to +10% of base kv
4. Control frequency between 50 +/- 0.5 Hz
5. The first step is to supply load of approx. 20-30% of total load
6. Try to supply electricity to power plant for start up the power
plant to increase the size of the system
 Step of Restoration
1. Divide energizing area for restoration

2. Begin black start power plant from emergency diesel

3. Energize line for supply to load

Sub-station
20-30 %
Sub-station
4. Supply to load approx. 20-30 % to
reduce voltage and damp then system

5. Supply electricity to power plant

ControlSub-station Sub-station
quickly
Sub-station voltage
between 0.95-
 Step of Restoration(cont
Sub Sub

Sub

Sub
Sub
Sub

Sub
Sub

6. Connect system in each area together

Sub 7. Gradually supply energy to 100% customer

Sub
 Blackout Restoration

North
BB-H, SK-H Northeast
UB-H, SRD-H,
LTK-H

Central
Metropolitan East
Rayong

West
SNR-H, VRK
 Estimated Restoration
South time is 4 hours
RPB-H, BLG-H
Summary of Restoration time VS load recover after Blackout

Restoration time Capability of load

30 minute (4.5%
%)

1:00 hr 11.9%

1:30 hrs 19.6%

2:00 hrs 24.5%
2:30 hrs 34.3%
3:00 hrs 43.1%

4:00 hrs 100%

Note Blackout ever occur once on 18 March 1978

with the system load of 1,336 MW
Restoration time 9 hrs 20 minutes
 Cause of Blackout and Prevention Plan
Cause of Blackout Prevention Plan
1. No protection when 1. Implementation of under frequency relay
frequency drops 1. U/F Relay Step 1 remove load 10 % at setting freq. 49.00 Hz
2. U/F Relay Step 2 remove load 10 % at setting freq. 48.80 Hz
3. U/F Relay Step 3 remove load 10 % at setting freq. 48.60 Hz
4. U/F Relay Step 4 remove load 10 % at setting freq. 48.30 Hz
5. U/F Relay Step 5 remove load 10 % at setting freq. 47.90 Hz

2. Loss of large generation 2. Carry out preventive maintenance and

inspection according to plan outage,
maintain the effectiveness of power plant

3. Transmission system 3. Extension, upgrade and maintain

instability Transmission system sufficiently

4. Fuel supply trouble 4. Look after and good take care of

fuel supply system (coordinate between
(Especially Natural Gas)
EGAT & PTT) - Fuel diversification for
power plants
Thank you
for your
attention