1.

A medicine is used to prevent or cure disease or to

relieve pain.
2. Medicines can be classified into traditional medicines
and modern medicines.

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1. Traditional medicines are derived from plants or
animals.
2. ,
3. Traditional medicines are usually not processed.
4. Any medicinal plant containing alkaloid is potentially
toxic to the liver.
5. Traditional medicines can cause serious side effects.
6. More research on the toxic and adverse effects of
traditional medicines should be carried out in order to
ensure the safety of these medicines to the public.

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Aloe vera (lidah buaya)
Ȉ To treat skin wounds

Centella asiatica (pegaga)

Ȉ To treat depression and for longevity

Euryco a longifolia (tongkat ali)

Ȉ To increse the ale libido

Orthosiphon aristatus ( isai kucing)

Ȉ To treat gout, diabetes and rheu atis

Andrographis paniculata (he pedu bu i)

Ȉ To treat diarrrhoea, fever and diabetes

Oci u basilicu (selasih)

Ȉ To treat coughs, colds and bronchitis

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Þea cucumber (gamat)
Ȉ To treat Japanese encephalitis
and hole in the heart
Centipede
Ȉ To treat lockjaw and convulsions

nt
Ȉ To treat hepatitis B

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1. Made by scientists in laboratories & are based on
substances found in nature.
2. May come in many forms such as liquids, powder,
capsules and tablets.
3. Type of modern medicines.

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1. Analgesics is to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting
consciousness. Analgesics relive pain but do not cure the disease.

2. Asprine is used for relief, particularly where there is inflammation

involved, such as arthritic pain and dental pain.
 The active ingredient in aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid.
 ,
 Þide effects: Can cause bleeding in the stomach because
aspirin is vey acidic.

-Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and
asthmatic attacks

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karacetamol
karacetamol have the following structural formula. Thus, unlike aspirin,
paracetamol is neutral in nature.
karacetamol is similar to aspirin in its effects (that is, reduces fever and
relieves pain) but it does not reduce inflammation.
karacetamol also reduces or relieves flu symptoms such as fever, bone
aches and runny nose.
An overdose of paracetamol can cause liver damage.

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Codeine
a) Codeine is an organic compound that contains the elements of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
b) Codeine is an analgesics and is used to relive mirror to moderate pain.
Codeine is more powerful than morphine. Codeine and morphine are
narcotic drugs
c) Codeine is also used in cough mixtures for suppressing coughs.

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Antibiotics : antibacterial medicine
1. Antibiotics are chemicals that destroy or prevent the growth
of infectious microorganism.
2. Two examples of antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.
3. Antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by bacteria.
4. Antibiotics are not effective against diseases caused by viral
infections such as influenza, measles, or small pox.
 

a) kenicillin is derived from the mould kenicillium notatum.
b) kenicillin are used to treat diseases, caused by bacteria, such
as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis.
c) kenicillin is only effective on certain bacteria. For example, it
cannot be used to treat tuberculosis.
6. Þtreptomycin is the antibiotic that is effective in treating
tuberculosis.

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ksychotherapeutic medicines
1. ksychotherapeutic medicines are a group of drugs for treating mental or emotional
illnesses.
3. Þ  


a) Þtimulants are naturally occurring or synthetic drugs that stimulate (excite) the activity of
the brain and
central nervous system.
b) Adrenaline is a stimulant that the body produces when it needs to prepare for demanding
or energetic activities.
c) Þtimulants make a person more alert, more energetic, less tired and more cheerful.
d) xamples of stimulants are caffeine and amphetamines. Caffeine is a week, naturally

occurring stimulant and is found on coffee, tea and Cola drinks.
e) Amphetamines are strong synthetic stimulants and increase alertness and physical ability.
f) Amphetamines increase the heart and respiration rates, as well as the blood pressure. As a
result, it causes the body to postpone the need of sleep and can reverse, partially and
temporarily, the symptoms of fatigue.
4.   




a) Depression is a chronic illness. Most cases of depression are caused by a chemical
imbalance in the brain.
b) keople experiencing depression feel hopeless. They experience a loss of interest in
everyday activities such as work or hobbies.

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c) There is a strong correlation between the amounts of special chemicals (called neurotransmitters) in
the brain and a personǯs mood. If these chemicals
get too low, the person may feel depressed.
d) Antidepressants are medicines that increase the
brainǯs level of neurotransmitters, thus improving
mood.
e) Antidepressants make a person feel calm and
sleepy.
5.  
 


a) ksychosis is the serious mental illness in which
people lose touch with reality. keople with psychosis
may,

Hear voice and see things that are not really
there (hallucinations)

Have belief that are not based on reality
(delusions)
b) In psychiatry, there are a number of disorders that
are classified under Ǯ psuchosisǯ, such as
schizophrenias (madness), psychotic depression,
mania and so on.
c) ksychotic patients have extreme mood swings. Their
mood changes rapidly from high spirit to deep
depression.
d) Antipsychotic medicines do not cure symptoms to
help the person live a more normal life.

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1. Taking drugs excessively and without a doctorǯs
prescription is called drug abuse.
2. The use of certain drugs like ecstasy and ice produces
harmful side effects.
3. cstasy causes depression which can last for week s after it
is consumed.
4. Ice causes stroke and injuries to the liver and kidneys





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