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Power System
Relay
Circuit Breaker
RELAYING FUNDAMENTALS
by: Engineer Ulysses Paguio
2 TIME DELAY STARTING OR CLOSING RELAY. 3 CHECKING OR INTERLOCKING RELAY. 21 DISTANCE RELAY. 25 SYNCHRONIZING OR SYNCHRONISM CHECK RELAY. 27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY. 30 ANNUCIATOR RELAY. 32 DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY. 37 UNDERCURRENT OR UNDERPOWER RELAY.
40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY. 46 REVERSE PHASE OR PHASE BALANCE CURRENT RELAY. 49 MACHINE OR TRANSFORMER THERMAL RELAY. 50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT OR RATE OF RISE RELAY. 51 AC TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY. 52 AC CIRCUIT BREAKER. 52A CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY OPEN. 52B CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY CLOSED. 55 POWER FACTOR RELAY. 56 FIELD APPLICATION RELAY. 59 OVERVOLTAGE RELAY. 60 VOLTAGE OR CURRENT BALANCE RELAY
64 EARTH FAULT PROTECTIVE RELAY. 67 AC DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY. 68 BLOCKING RELAY. 74 ALARM RELAY. 76 DC OVERCURRENT RELAY. 78 PHASE ANGLE MEASURING OR OUT OF STEP PROTECTIVE RELAY. 79 AC RECLOSING RELAY. 81 FREQUENCY RELAY. 83 AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE CONTROL OR TRANSFER RELAY. 85 CARRIER OR PILOT WIRE RECEIVE RELAY. 86 LOCKING OUT RELAY. 87 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE RELAY.
LEGENDS
RESIDUAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A. SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY. AUXILLIARY RELAY FOR SUDDEN PRESSURE. RECLOSING RELAY, 3 SHOT DC OPERATED TIMER. TRIPPING & LOCKOUT RELAY. BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, HIGH SPEED, HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE UNIT WITH LOW IMPEDANCE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT UNIT. 87T TRANSFORMER BANK DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, PERCENTAGE, 2 RESTRAINTS. 51N 63 63X 79 86 87B
LEGENDS
87G RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY. 94 AUXILLIARY TRIPPING RELAY. A AMMETER KWH BILLING KILOWATT HOUR METER W/ DEMAND INDICATOR. VAR VARMETER V VOLTMETER W WATTMETER AS AMMETER SWITCH VS VOLTMETER SWITCH 67 DUAL POLARIZED, TIME & INSTANTANEOUS GROUND DIRECTIONAL GT OVERCURRENT RELAY. 12 ZONE PACKAGE, MHO CHARACTERISTICS, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY Z-1 (ZONE 1). 21 ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH OFFSET OPTION, Z-2 COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 2).
LEGENDS
21 Z-3 - ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH OFFSET OPTION, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 3). 50H HIGH SET NONDIRECTIONAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY. 2 TOW ZONE TIMING AUXILLIARY RELAY (STARTING OR CLOSING). 27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY, 115 VOLTS. 27X UNDERVOLTAGE TIMING RELAY FOR TRANSFER SCHEME. 50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAYS. 50-51 PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH INSTANTANEOUS UNIT 1.0 12 A (6 -14 A ITT). 51G TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A.
Part 1:
Electricity is generated at a power plant (1), voltage is stepped-up for transmission (2). energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed (3). voltage is decreased or stepped-down, at another substation (4), and a distribution power line (5) carries that electricity until it reaches a home or business (6).
Power System
Delivery Substation
A B
Delivery Substation
Backbone Looped Lines
115KV Switchyard
34.5KV Switchyard
34.5kV switchgear
No. 1
F1
F2
F3
F4
7.2 MVAR Capacitor Bank
Bus tie
F1
F2
F3
F4
Bus tie
F1
F2
F3
F4
Power System
Relay
Circuit Breaker
These devices change electrical quantities to level relays can use, i.e., 5 amperes, 115 volts
* If quantities are normal, no signal is sent to breaker * If quantities are abnormal, signal is sent to breaker to trip
Feedback Signals
CB
Transmission Line Trip Coil
CT
Part 2:
Electro-mechanical Relay:
( 1st Generation )
The most commonly used Uses the induction disc principle (watthour meter) Provides individual phase protection
Electro-mechanical Relay:
( 1st Generation )
Spring
Operator Rod
Core
Disc
Electro-mechanical Relay:
( 1st Generation )
Critical Components: Composition of the rotating disc & Coil determines the torque produced in the disc per unit current. Rotating & Tripping mechanism Lubrication & alignments. Spring & tension adjusting mechanism Fatigue & Temperature dependence.
Design Approach: Periodic re-calibration & maintenance Draw-out connections. High burden CT, low sensitivity at higher currents.
( 2nd Generation )
Characteristic curve is obtained through use of RC timing circuits No moving parts Used to retrofit electro-mechanical relays Fast reset Less maintenance
Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Set Value
Comparator
Static Relay:
Timing Circuit
Output
AC - DC Conversion
RC Based Timing
( 2nd Generation )
Critical Components: RC Timing circuit. Temperature dependence Low repeatability
Static Relay:
Time
( 2nd Generation )
Critical Components: (continued) AC/DC Conversion. Offset problem Effects of harmonics & Noise
Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Design Approach:
Periodic re-calibration & maintenance Draw-out connections. RC & LC Based filters - Slow tripping actions
Static Relay:
Without Filter
With RC Filter
( 3rd Generation )
Computer-based-with CPU Selectable characteristic curves and protection functions Metering and control functions Event and/or disturbance recording Remote communication Self-monitoring All in
Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor Based )
Crystal
CPU
Digital Relay:
Micro-processor
Data & Address Bus
Memory EPROM Output Control
AC - DC Conversion
A B C E
Current Sampling
( MicroProcessor Based )
Design Principle: AC/ DC Rectification Analog to Digital Conversion
A to D
Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor Based )
Critical Components: High Frequency Bus Susceptible to EMI/ RFI. AC/ DC & Digital Conversion Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc. CPU RAM
Digital Relay:
EPROM
A/D Hi-Freq Bus
( MicroProcessor Based )
Critical Components: High Frequency Bus Susceptible to EMI/ RFI. AC/ DC & Digital Conversion Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc.
Digital Relay:
Noise A to D
( MicroProcessor Based )
Design Approach: RC & LC Based filters Slow tripping actions Shielding & Watch-dog timers Problem reduced not eliminated
Digital Relay:
A/D
( MicroController Based )
Crystal
-controller Output Control
Digital Relay:
Relay Contacts
AC - DC Conversion
A B C E
Current Sampling
( MicroController Based )
Design Principle: Lesser no. of components, hence less chance of failure. All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip. More functions can be built in a compact space.
Digital Relay:
P
Controller RAM EPROM Decoding logic A2D Converter I/O Ports Output driver
C
Controller A2D Converter Output driver
( MicroController Based )
Design Principle: Absence of exposed high frequency bus All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip. Cost effective technology appropriate for MV applications
Digital Relay:
CPU
RAM EPROM
A/D
( Numerical Relay )
To Outside world Relay Contacts
Digital Relay:
Crystal
-controller
Direct AC Sampling
Current Sampling
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: AC attenuation Analog to Digital Conversion Numeric filtering & measurement
Digital Relay:
A to D
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Time Domain Representation The normal representation i.e. with time in the X axis The signal is sampled periodically, a different value obtained every time, thus a series of numbers are needed to represent a signal. Amplitude
Disadvantages No Phase Angle information. No Frequency information.
Digital Relay:
Time
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued)
Digital Relay:
50Hz
Frequency
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Fourier Analysis Any signal can be represented by infinite Nos. of Sine waves
Any Arbitrary Signal
Digital Relay:
+
Fundamental (50Hz). 2nd Harmonic (100 )
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Fourier Analysis X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time. Thus a arbitrary signal can be represented with a set of numbers. Amplitude
Digital Relay:
50Hz
100Hz
Frequency
( Numerical Relay )
Features: Very quick operation. In-built immunity to DC & harmonics (tuned characteristics) Possibility of providing additional filtering or inhibiting actions without sacrificing speed of
Digital Relay:
response.
Possibility of disturbance recording & thus, post-mortem analysis of fault & relay behavior. Highly stable & repeatable performance. Very less no. of components.
( Numerical Relay )
Additional Features: Communication to external laptop/ computer. Large number of functions that that can be programmed in a single enclosure, instead of a
Digital Relay:
Current Transducers.
A Bay-level controller instead of just a protection relay.
Speed of response
Timing Accuracy Size Draw-out required CT Burden Reset Time Functions Maintenance Deterioration due to frequent operations Reliability SCADA Compatibility
Slow
Temp. Dependant Bulky Required High Very High Single function Frequent Yes High No
Fast
Temp. Dependant Small Required Low Less Single function Frequent No Low No
Fast
Stable Small Not required Low Less Multi function Low No Low Possible
Fast
Stable Small Not required Low Less Multi function Low No High Possible
Very Fast
Stable Very Compact Not required Low Less Multi function Very Low No High Yes
Zones of Protection
Regions (zones) of power system that can be protected adequately with fault recognition and removal resulting in isolation of a minimum amount of equipment. Requirements: All power system elements must be encompassed by at least one zone Zones of protection must overlap to prevent any system element from being unprotected (no blind spots).
Zones of Protection
3
1 5
2 G
Zones of Protection
Zones of Protection
3 5 1 2
G
1 - Bus Protection
Feeder Protection
Fault
Bus Protection
Fault
Transformer Protection
Fault
Fault
Generator Protection
Fault
Back-up Protection
Local Back-up - Alternate protection at the same substation when its main protection fails. Remote Back-up - Alternate protection at the remote substations in case the main protection fails.
B7 L1
B8
B9
F1 L2
Fault F1 Main: B8,B9, L2 remote protection Local Backup: If B9 fails, trips B6 and B3 If B8 fails, trips B7 and sends signal to trip L1 remote protection
B5
B3 B4
B6 B9 B10
Fault F1 Main: B5,B6 Backup: B1,B3,B8,B10 Fault F3 Main: B3,B4 Backup: B1,B6
Methods of Discrimination
Current Magnitude
100 A
60 A
20 A
Time
1.0 sec
0.35 sec
Inst.
Methods of Discrimination
Current Direction
Methods of Discrimination
Time and Current Magnitude
Time
Current
Methods of Discrimination
Time and Distance
Time
Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 3
Distance
Methods of Discrimination
Current Balance
87T
Methods of Discrimination
Phase Comparison
the current passing to the relay exceeds a preset value. They are
51
52
B
3
I @ CB3
3
I @ CB3
So for a fault just after CB4 a directional over-current relay at CB3 will see the fault in reverse while at CB4 the fault is forward looking thus it will trip CB4 only to isolate the fault
1 G1
3
I @ CB3
4 G2
Suppose G1 generation becomes stronger, the directional overcurrent relay of CB2 might see the fault. Therefore, the scheme is now not secure.
Input
Output
Transformer Protection
CT
PCB
50/51
86T
POWER TRANSFORMER
87T
PCB CT
151G
Busbar Protection
Typical Bus Arrangements: Single bus Double bus, double breaker Breaker-and-a-half Main and transfer buses with single breaker Ring bus
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (single-bus)
87B 86B TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS
BUS
NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential must have same ratios.
600A
CT
5A
5A
CT
600A
Relay
0A
5A
5A
Relay
10A
5A
5A
Relaying Philosophy
Part 3:
Power System
Delivery Substation B A
Standard Protection
Radial Lines Looped Lines Power Transformer Bus Bar Capacitor Bank
TARGET TIME
CT
52
43R
79
LEGEND:
CT
50 INSTANTANEOUS, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY 51 TIME, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY 50N INSTANTANEOUS, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 51N TIME, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 43R RECLOSER SWITCH 79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY 52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Four (4) units of single-phase overcurrent relays are needed to protect a feeder
52
Ia Ib In=Ia+Ib+Ic
Ic
Ground Relay
Phase Relays
21 CT
21G
79
85
CT
67
67N
52
43R
METERING
BUS PROTECTION
LEGEND: 21 PHASE DISTANCE RELAY 21G GROUND DISTANCE RELAY 67 PHASE DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY 67N GROUND DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY 43R RECLOSER SWITCH 79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY 85 TELEPROTECTION 52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
FAULT
VFAULT
Zone 2 X Zone 1
REACTANCE
MHO
R R
QUAD
COMPOSITE
Z3 Z2 Time Delayed
Time Delayed
Z1 Instantaneous
A
21
Relay Location
21
No intentional delay-for speed Must under-reach end of the line for selectivity Typically set for 80-90% of line impedance
21
Time delay of 0.35 second Must over-reach end of the line Must not over-reach the Zone 1 of adjacent line Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 20-50% of shortest adjacent line impedance
Time delay is 1.0 second Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 100% ZL2 (longest) + 0% - 120% ZL3 (shortest) Relay setting must be higher than the load impedance.
21
21
On this condition CB B will trip instantaneously via Zone 1 operation while CB A will trip after 0.35 second via Zone 2. This is not good since the fault has to be cleared immediately.
So there is a need to solve this problem to cover the protection of the remaining 10% of the line!
21 B
A 21
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s
TRIP Z2
XMTR A
TRIP
XMTR B
Z2
AND
RCVR A
AND
RCVR B
21 B
A 21
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s
No TRIP Z2
XMTR A
No TRIP
XMTR B
Z2
AND
RCVR A
AND
RCVR B
67 67N
Relay is set at fault at the adjacent bus 3-phase fault for 67 while SLG fault for 67N Time is 0.70 second Instantaneous unit is blocked (distance relay must initiate first the tripping) No auto-reclosure when tripping initiated by back-up protection
Overcurrent
Fuses for distribution transformer Overcurrent relaying for 5MVA and above Characteristics: Must be below the damage curve Must be above magnetizing inrush
Transformer Protection
Differential - 87T Overload - 51 Back-up Ground - 151G Overheating - Thermal Relay Gas Detection - Buchholz Relay Sudden Pressure - Pressure Relief Valve
Transformer Protection
CT 52 50/51
86T 87T
POWER TRANSFORMER
LEGEND:
52 CT 151G 87T TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 86T AUXILIARY LOCK-OUT RELAY 50 INSTANTANEOUS OC RELAY 151G BACK-UP GROUND RELAY 52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Transformer Protection
Differential Relay A relay that by its design or application is intended to respond to the difference between incoming and outgoing electrical quantities associated with the protected apparatus.
Transformer Protection
Percentage Differential Protection
Constant Percent Slope Characteristic Differential Relay
K = 40 %
Operate I1-I2
K = 25 %
K = 10 %
Transformer Protection
Percentage Differential Protection
Variable Percent Slope Characteristic Differential Relay
Operate I1-I2
TRIP ZONE
Slope 2
Pick-up
Slope 1
NO TRIP ZONE
Restraint = (I1+I2)/2
Busbar Protection
Typical Bus Arrangements: Single bus Double bus, double breaker Breaker-and-a-half Main and transfer buses with single breaker Ring bus
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (single-bus)
BUS
NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential must have same ratios.
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (double-bus, doubleTRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS breaker) CONNECTED TO
BUS 1 86B 87B
87B
86B
BUS 1
BUS 2
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (breaker-and-a-half)
86B TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 1 87B
BUS 1
BUS 2
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (main and transfer bus)
BUS 1 BUS 2
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (ring bus)
NOTE: No bus differential protection is needed. The busses are covered by line or transformer protection.
Busbar Protection
Two Busbar Protection Schemes: Low Impedance - using time overcurrent relays
inexpensive but affected by CT saturation. low voltage application; 34.5kV and below