Chapter 1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

1.1 A Wireless World 1.2 RF Design is Challenging 1.3 The Big Picture

Behzad Razavi, RF Microelectronics.

Scope of Course

Active Devices (transistor & diode)

Passive Components (transmission line & lump LC)

Microwave Communication & Applications

Concept and Design of Microwave and Millimeter-wave Circuits (non MIC or MMIC technology)

Microwave and Millimeter-wave Subsystem and System

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Radio-Frequency Bands (1)

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Radio-Frequency Bands (2)

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Radio-Frequency Bands (3)

Absorption by the atmosphere in clear weather

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Chapter Outline

A Wireless World

RF Design Challenges
Multitude of Disciplines RF Trade-offs Demand for cost and performance

Wireless Communication in Life Trend in RF Development

Big Picture of RF System

TX and RX

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

A Wireless World

High-speed wireless links (WiFi, Bluetooth) allow seamless connections among device and appliance.
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Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

Explosive Growth of Wireless Communication

The affordability of low cost and multiple functions finds its roots in Integration Performance of RF circuits has also improved.
Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

RF Design is Challenging: Multi-discipline

RF design draws upon a multitude of disciplines.

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

RF Design is Challenging: Trade-offs

RF circuits and transceivers must deal with numerous trade-offs. Demand for higher performance, lower cost and greater functionality

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The Big Picture: RF Communication

TX: Drive antenna with high power level

RX: Sense small signal (amplify with low noise)

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The Big Picture: Generic RF Transceiver

Signals are upconverted/downconverted at TX/RX, by an oscillator controlled by a Frequency Synthesizer

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Microwave Communication System (1)

RF transceiver including passive components (SAW filter, LC matching network) and active circuits (switch, PA, LNA, mixer, VGA, VCO, synthesizer)

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Microwave Communication System (2)

Analog RF system

Digital RF system

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Microwave Communication System (3)

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Microwave Communication System (4)

Channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. The methods allow multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system. TDMA (Time division multiple access) (Frequency division multiple access) FDMA CDMA (Code division multiple access)

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Microwave Communication System (5)

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Microwave Communication System (6)

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Digital Cellular and Cordless Phone Standards

Standard Multiple Access TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA CDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA Receive Frequency (MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 940-956 1447-1489 1501-1513 Emerging 902-928 1895-1907 864-868 1800-1900 1895-1907 902-928 1710-1785 864-868 1800-1900 1895-1907 Transmit Frequency (MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849 810-826 1429-1441 1453-1465 Channel Spacing (kHz) 30 200 1250 25 Mod. Scheme /4 DQPSK GMSK BPSK/QPSK /4 QPSK Region

DAMPS (IS-54) GSM CDMA (IS-95) JDC

USA Europe USA Japan

W-CDMA ISM DCS-1800 CT2 DECT PHS

CDMA TDMA/CDMA/ FDMA TDMA/FDMA FDMA TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA

40,000 10,000 200 100 1728 300

M-PSK BPSK GFSK GFSK GFSK /4 DQPSK

USA USA UK Europe Asia Europe Japan

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Specifications for 3G/4G Communication

3G/3.5G/3.75G CDMA2000 WCDMA TD-SCDMA HSDPA

Distance (km) 3~12

Data rate (Mbps) 0.3~2

Band (GHz) 0.82~0.85 1.92~1.98 2.11~2.17 0.85/1.9/2.1 0.85/1.9/2.1

TX peak power (dBm) 33/27/24/21

3~12

3.6/7.2/14.4 3.6/7.2/14.4

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HSUPA 3~12 Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

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Specifications for 3G/4G Communication

4G WiMAX 802.16e

Distance (km) up to 50

Data rate (Mbps) 10/30/70

Band (GHz) 2.3~2.7 3.4~3.7 5.8 0.7~0.86 (FDD) 1.5~2.1 (FDD) 2.3~2.6 (TDD)

TX peak power (dBm) 33/27/24/21

LTE

50/100

33/27/24/21

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RF ICs and Modules (1)

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RF ICs and Modules (1)

SiGe PA for WiMAX PA module for GSM mobile phone

GaAs X-band PA

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RF ICs and Modules (2)

LDMOS PA for VHF band GaN 40 W Class-E PA

VHF transmitter

SiC 10 W Class-AB PA

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System on Chip (SoC)

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Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (1)

Microwave Oven Specification

AC Power: 120 Volts AC 60 Hz (13.3A) 1500 Watts, Single phase, 3 wire grounded Output Power: 1200 Watts full microwave power (IEC60705) Frequency: 2450 MHz Magnetron: 2M246-050GF Timer: 0 ~ 99 min. 99 sec.

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Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (2)

77 GHz Automotive Radar

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Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (3)

94 GHz MMW image obtained from a scanning radiometer Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

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