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Introduction
Neutrophils are
a kind of white blood cell,
Introduction
The human bodys immune system
recognizes agents that cause disease and
attacks them.
Figure 24.0_1
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Figure 24.0_2
INNATE IMMUNITY
Figure 24.1A
Innate immunity (24.13) The response is the same whether or not the pathogen has been previously encountered
Adaptive immunity (24.415) Found only in vertebrates; previous exposure to the pathogen enhances the immune response
Figure 24.1B
Virus
2 Interferon
New viruses
genes turn on
DNA
mRNA
3
Interferon molecules
Bacterial infections can bring about an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response leading to septic shock, characterized by
very high fever and low blood pressure.
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Figure 24.2
Pin
Skin surface
Swelling
Blood clot
Phagocytes
Blood vessel 1 Tissue injury; signaling molecules, such as histamine, are released.
Dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; phagocytes migrate to the area.
Phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) consume bacteria and cellular debris; the tissue heals.
Figure 24.2_1
Pin
Skin surface
Blood vessel 1 Tissue injury; signaling molecules, such as histamine, are released.
Figure 24.2_2
Swelling
Blood clot
2 Dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; phagocytes migrate to the area.
Figure 24.2_3
Phagocytes
Phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) consume bacteria and cellular debris; the tissue heals.
Lymph organs
include the spleen and lymph nodes and are packed with white blood cells that fight infections.
Figure 24.3
Organs Adenoid Tonsils Lymph nodes Thymus Lymphatic vessels Spleen Lymphatic ducts that drain into veins Lymph node Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages
Lymphatic capillary
Figure 24.3_1
Appendix
Bone marrow
Figure 24.3_2
Lymph node Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages Valve Lymphatic vessel Blood capillary Tissue cells Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic capillary
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Figure 24.4
Figure 24.4_1
Figure 24.4_2
T cells
participate in the cell-mediated immune response,
attack cells infected with bacteria or viruses, and promote phagocytosis by other white blood cells and by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies.
Figure 24.5A
Via blood
Immature lymphocytes
Via blood
T cell
Figure 24.5A_1
Stem cell
Via blood
B cell
T cell
Figure 24.5A_2
Antigen receptors
Via blood
T cell
Figure 24.5B
Figure 24.6
In the secondary immune response, memory cells are activated by a second exposure to the same antigen.
Figure 24.7A
Secondary immune response Antigen receptor on the cell surface Antigen molecules Antibody molecules
3 First exposure
to the antigen Cell activation: growth, division, and differentiation Antigen molecules Antibody molecules Second clone
6 Second exposure
Memory cells
Figure 24.7A_s1
Primary immune response B cells with different antigen receptors Antigen receptor on the cell surface
Figure 24.7A_s2
Primary immune response B cells with different antigen receptors Antigen receptor on the cell surface
2
Antigen molecules
Figure 24.7A_s3
Primary immune response B cells with different antigen receptors Antigen receptor on the cell surface
2
Antigen molecules
Figure 24.7A_s4
Primary immune response B cells with different antigen receptors Antigen receptor on the cell surface
2
Antigen molecules
First clone Endoplasmic reticulum Plasma (effector) cells secreting antibodies Memory cells
Figure 24.7A_s5
Antigen molecules
6
Memory cells
Figure 24.7A_s6
Antibody molecules
Antigen molecules
6
Memory cells
Figure 24.7B
Antibody concentration
Second exposure to antigen X, first exposure to antigen Y First exposure to antigen X Primary immune response to antigen X
Antibodies to Y 42 49 56
Figure 24.8A
Light chain
Heavy chain
Figure 24.8B
Animation: Antibodies
Right click on animation / Click play
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.9
Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by
Bacterium
Enhances Phagocytosis
Macrophage
Figure 24.9_1
Bacterium
Antigen molecules
Enhances Phagocytosis
Macrophage
Figure 24.9_2
Foreign cell
Hole
24.10 CONNECTION: Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are
identical antibodies
To make the hybrid cell with desirable properties, two cells are fused.
1. A cancerous tumor cell, able to multiply indefinitely, is fused to
Figure 24.10
hCG
hCG/mAb complex
Control mAb
hCG
24.10 CONNECTION: Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic
Monoclonal antibodies are useful in
research,
diagnosis (such as home pregnancy tests), and treatment of certain cancers.
24.11 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
In the cell-mediated immune response, an antigenpresenting cell displays
a foreign antigen (a nonself molecule) and one of the bodys own self proteins
to a helper T cell.
24.11 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
The helper T cells receptors
recognize the selfnonself complexes and
the interaction activates the helper T cells.
B cells.
Figure 24.11
Self-nonself complex
B cell
T cell receptor
3 2
Helper T cell
4
Antigen-presenting cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Figure 24.11_1
Macrophage
3
2
Self protein Antigen from the microbe (nonself molecule) Antigen-presenting cell
Figure 24.11_2
Self-nonself complex
B cell
T cell receptor Interleukin-2 stimulates cell division
5 6
3 2 4
Helper T cell
Antigenpresenting cell
Interleukin-1 stimulates the helper T cell Binding site for the antigen
Figure 24.11_3
Cytotoxic T cells also play a role in protecting the body against the spread of some cancers.
Figure 24.12_s1
to an infected cell.
Self-nonself complex Foreign antigen
Infected cell
Perforin molecule
Cytotoxic T cell
Figure 24.12_s2
to an infected cell.
Self-nonself complex Foreign antigen
Perforin makes holes in the infected cells membrane, and an enzyme that promotes apoptosis enters. A hole forming
Infected cell
Perforin molecule
Cytotoxic T cell
Figure 24.12_s3
to an infected cell.
Self-nonself complex Foreign antigen
Perforin makes holes in the infected cells membrane, and an enzyme that promotes apoptosis enters. A hole forming
is destroyed.
Infected cell
Perforin molecule
Cytotoxic T cell
24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the bodys defenses
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), results from infection by HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus.
Since 1981 AIDS has killed more than 27 million people, and more than 33 million people live today with HIV.
In 2008,
2.7 million people were newly infected with HIV, and over 2 million died, including 300,000 children under age 15.
Most AIDS infections and deaths occur in nonindustrialized nations of southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the bodys defenses
The AIDS virus usually attacks helper T cells, impairing the
cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response, and
24.13 CONNECTION: HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the bodys defenses
AIDS patients typically die from
opportunistic infections and
cancers that would normally be resisted by a person with a healthy immune system.
Until there is a vaccine or a cure, the best way to stop AIDS is to educate people about how the virus is transmitted.
Figure 24.13
24.14 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The rapid evolution of HIV complicates AIDS treatment
HIV mutates very quickly.
New strains are resistant to AIDS drugs. Drug-resistant strains now infect new patients.
Figure 24.14
rheumatoid arthritis,
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis.
Figure 24.16
bronchi, and
skin.
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2. The second stage begins when the person is exposed to the same allergen later.
The allergen binds to mast cells.
Mast cells release histamine, causing irritation, itchy skin, and tears.
Figure 24.17
Mast cell
Antigenic determinant 1 An allergen (pollen grain) enters the bloodstream. 2 B cells make antibodies.
Histamine
3 Antibodies attach to a mast cell. 4 The allergen binds to antibodies on a mast cell. 5 Histamine is released, causing allergy symptoms.
Figure 24.17_1
Mast cell
Antigenic determinant
1
Figure 24.17_2
5 Histamine is
Anaphylactic shock
is an extreme life-threatening allergic reaction and can be treated with injections of epinephrine.
8. Describe the process of clonal selection and compare a primary immune response to a secondary immune response. 9. Describe the specific structure of an antibody and relate its shape to its functions.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
14. Explain how HIV infects cells, multiplies, and causes disease.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.UN01
The humoral immune response: makes B cell Antibodies Antigens in body fluid which bind to
T cell
Self-nonself complex
Figure 24.UN02
Bodys defenses include (a) (b)
is present
found in
at birth
vertebrates
Lymphocytes include
Figure 24.UN02_1
is present
found in vertebrates
at birth
Lymphocytes
Figure 24.UN02_2
Lymphocytes include
include (f)
cytotoxic T cells
stimulate
Figure 24.17_UN01