CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

LOAD FACTOR (LF)

Volume of traffic carried, generally expressed as a percentage (%) form An important indicator of performance For passenger, Load factor (%) = No of seats sold* x 100% Total no. seat available * no of seats with revenue For cargo, Load factor (%) =

Loaded ton-miles Capacity ton-miles

x 100%

The nearer the LF is to 100%, the better is the degree of utilization and return It should be measured over a period and compared with target load factor

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

PAYLOAD/CARRYING CAPACITY The payload of a vehicle is the revenue earning potential in terms of: the weight/cubic volume of freight the seats capacity, which can be accommodated

Part of the total load which earns freight or fares the revenue The payload/carrying capacity can be determined by: load bearing capacity & dimension of unit of carriage load bearing capacity of the way size of the terminal no of hours per day system in use

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

LOADABILITY

Payload/carrying capacity is related to the loadability

It relates to goods traffics characteristics It relates to the maximum utilization of vehicle capacity

It relates on how well loads can be stowed on the vehicle Traffic with good loadability has the property of being able to accommodate itself within & make maximum use of space that is available in the vehicles, vessels, aircraft, etc Eg. coal, flour, cement Density refers to the cubic capacity needed per ton weight of the freight (m3) Loadability and density are connected and important if maximum use is to be made of vehicle capacity density, loadability

2.8m

12m 2.4m Density = 80.64m3 per ton

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

OPERATING RATIO

This is management statistics which can give some idea of the efficiency of operations Operating costs are expressed as a percentage of revenue Operating Ratio: Operating Cost x 100 Revenue

The closer the ratio approaches 100, the less profitable are the operations Eg Operating ratio of 80% shows that 80% of the revenue gained from the operation is use to cover its operating costs. Thus, the profit is only 20%

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

PASSENGER-MILES/KILOMETERS

The output of transport operation must be measured We can count up the passenger carried but this gives no indication of the distance traveled and distance covered is a major part of the output It represents the no of passenger multiplied by the miles traveled.

TON-MILES/KILOMETERS

This applies to freight movement To get a true measure of output, the weight of the load must be multiplied by the distance it is carried Eg 20 tons carried for 200 miles = 4,000 ton-miles

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

THE PEAK

The time of the day, week, season or year when the demand for tpt is greatest Dd exceed the average Demand on 3 aspects

Unit of carriage for pax and goods The way terminals

The problem is the imbalance in traffic flows. Therefore need more provision of tpt infrastructure & facilities. But at off-peak lead to under utilization of capacity Eg
Hours of peak- Morning & Evening Working Hours: 7am 9am, 4pm 7pm School Hours: Morning, Afternoon, Evening Festive Seasons: Hari Raya, CNY, Xmas

Ways to reduce problem of peak:

Staggering of working hours Use of more suitable/larger vehicle Special discounts at off-peak hours

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT

A metropolitan electric railway system, characterized by its ability to operate single cars or short trains along exclusive rights-of-ways; at ground level, on aerial structures, in subways, or occasionally, in streets; and to board/discharge pax at track or car-floor level Inter-city service Light refers to light volume, more than light weight

Most effective capacity 5,000 15,000 pax/hr/direction Negotiate steep gradients and sharp curves Be built at ground level or above/below Can operate unsegregated, partially or segregated from other traffic

Main features of LRT is flexibility. It is able to:

Average speed of trains: 40km/h Designed to operate economically in smaller cities and specialization in larger cities Environmental-friendly Have effective braking & acceleration offer more frequent stops than heavy rail trains

San Diego Trolley, San Diego, California

Luas, Republic of Ireland

SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA

SAN DIEGO

DUBLIN

MANCHEST ER UK

V S

Malaysian public transit system RapidKL Rail Kelana Jaya - Terminal Putra Rapid Transit Kuala Lumpur and surrounding Klang Valley 56 km 48 (1 not in use)1

Alignment Type Service area

System length Stations Ticketing

Yes (with capping system) Maximum fare - TnG charge for Rail: RM7/day, Rail & Bus: RM7/day. - Stored value Yes (no defined denomination) - Monthly Travel Card Yes (Rail MTC: RM100/mth, Rail & Bus (MTC) with TnG MTC: RM125/mth ) Ridership 350,000/day Driverless for Kelana Jaya Line, With Operational mode Driver for Ampang Line Operational date Operator

September 1, 1998 for Kelana Jaya Line, December 16, 1996 for Ampang Line
Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad (SPNB)

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

MONORAIL A metropolitan electric railway system which uses only one rail, instead of two Intra-city service Two main types: Safeg (suspended by sturdy hangers from overhead rail) Alweg (rides on top of a concrete beam and wrap around the beam; called the supported monorail/straddled type) Characterized by the use of exclusive guideways & vehicle operated without driver on board Speed: 20km/h t max 60km/hr Average capacity: 2,600 p/hr/direction

1950s-1980s

GYROSCOPICALLY BALANCED MONORAIL IN 1907

In the latter half of the 20th century, monorail designs had settled on using larger beam or girder based track. they also using Alweg and Safeg system.

NOWDAYS,
Monorail systems were also heavily promoted as futuristic technology with exhibition installations and amusement Park Purchases.

ALWEG-type monorail in Kuala Lumpur

SAFEGE-type monorail in Germany

SAFEGE-type monorail in Germany

DISNEYLAND US

MALAYSIA

SEATTLE

MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE

JAPAN SYDNEY

Advantages & Disadvantages

ADVANTAGE Track usually less expensive to build Quicker, then other transport modes. Require minimal space DISADVANTAGE not compatible with any other type of rail infrastructure tracks do not easily accommodate at-grade intersection

SHIPS TURNARAOUND TIME

Time taken to load/unload vessels and send them back or get them moving again The time a ship spends in a port can be divided into 2 components: Waiting time Ships time at berth Turnaround time = Waiting time + ships time at berth

Waiting time the delay between the ships arrival in port and its tying up at berth Can be quite long when no vacant berths are available: Congestion Tides are against the vessel Strikes or other similar events, etc However, it is only a small portion of turnaround time

SHIPS TURNARAOUND TIME (cont.)

Ships time at berth The total time a vessel spends at the berth, whether: Loading/unloading cargo Just lying idle Measured in hours or days Important in terminal and interchange arrangements because movement under load earns revenue, while time in terminals incur costs Factors influencing ship turnaround time: Weather conditions Adequacy/availability of cargo handling /equipment / dock labour/berth, cargo clearance and collection Type of vessel Nature of the cargo & suitability of cargo handling equipment Transhipment cost Documentation Port layout

SHIPS TURNARAOUND TIME (cont.) Importance of quick turnaround time: Profitability of port authority and shipowner Minimum fleet size realised through the aid of quick port turnaround Maximum utilization of resources Development of international trade Encourage quick transit Optimal number of berth, minimum capital investment

DEMURRAGE

A penalty payment made on buyers of transport services or consignee, charged by the operators (eg port authority) over and above the charges for movement when vehicles are out of revenue service due to slow unloading/loading by buyer Charges of use of vehicles beyond given time In Malaysia, container park at container yard are subject to 5 days storage & demmurrage free Aim/purpose To speed up terminal work and reduce turnaround time Reduction in turnaround time allow more ships to berth at port and better utilisation of terminal and wagons

Shipping

 Defined as a total distance traveled or paid for by user For example vacation or trip

Multiplied average length of the trip Average vehicle occupancy X estimated total vehicle-km

Applies to freight Weight of load X distance carried

For ex : 70tons X 300miles = 21, 000 ton-miles

The national flags of the states which shipping firms register their vessel with reason to maximize benefits and minimize private costs by avoiding the regulations stated by the origin country of the registered shipper whether economic regulation or other.

FOC Grand Harbour, Valetta

To escape @ avoid regulations on safety, insurance, wages of crew To avoid taxation on fiscal control To avoid national regulations on terms and condition of employment of labor To avoid political instability or nationalization risk in the country of origin

Cabotage is "trade or navigation in coastal waters, or, the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within its territory". Cabotage is also the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country

Refers to the reservation of a countrys coastal (domestic) shipping for its own flag vessels. A form of policy including acts and pressures, practiced or exerted by some government. Also known as a flag of discrimination.

SHIPSS SIZE MEASUREMENT Various measurement are used in maritime transport for the size of vessels: Volume (Isipadu) Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) Tonnage (Berat) Deadweight Tonnage Lightweight Tonnage Displacement Tonnage

Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) Measure of total internal capacity + enclosed volume of a ship Expresses in Total Internal Capacity of the ship in tonnage units of 100 cubic feet

SHIPS SIZE MEASUREMENT (cont.) Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) Measure the total enclosed volume available for cargo and passengers Earning capacity of ship, usually 60% - 65% of GRT Calculated by deducting from gross tonnage, those spaces which are necessary for operating a vessel
NRT = GRT (master and crew spaces + water ballast spaces + machinery)

Deadweight Tonnage Measure of the total carrying capacity of a ship with all its contents when loaded down to her loadline Weight of cargo + weight of fuel, stored water ballast, fresh water, crews, pax and baggage Can also be known from the total weight of water displaced by ship when loaded to the maximum draught permitted

Lightweight Tonnage Weight of the ship as built + boiler water, lubricating oil and cooling water system (in unit of tonnes) Weight of ship alone without cargoes or passengers Importance when considering the value of a vessel which is to be broken up for scrap

Displacement Tonnage Measure of the actual weight of ship plus all of the content Lightweight + Deadweight Tonnage The displacement represents the amount of water displaced by the ship, expressed in tons Weight of water displaced = weight of the ship

As weight is added to a ship, it submerges. Displacement Tonnage is the ship's weight when fully loaded and submerged to her load lines.

LINER SHIPPING Refers to the operation of a fleet of vessels which provides a fixed services at regular advertised intervals between named ports The owners offer space to cargo or accommodation to passengers Must seek its own cargo, which originates mainly in relatively small consignments from a multitude of shippers This involves an expensive organisation ashore at all ports which its sailing schedule covers Usually carry general cargo

TRAMP SHIPPING

Does not operate in a fixed sailing schedule Merely trades in all parts of the world in search of cargo, primarily bulk cargoes Eg coal, timber, grain, sugar, fertilizers Seasonal Much smaller organisation than liner cargoes counterparts Tramp owners sell their services by means of an agreement known as charter party The contract may be: For single voyage at so much per ton of the commodity carried, or It may be for a period at a stipulated rate of hire

VOYAGE AND CHARTER PARTY

Voyage charter is a contract for a specific voyage Time charter is a contract for a specified period of time which may cover several voyages Two types of time charter The charterer hires the vessel all found Bareboat or demise charter charterer supply fuel, crew and paying all operating costs, etc for an agreed rate of hire Voyage charter is a short term while time charter is often a long term

LINER CONFERENCE/SHIPPING CONFERENCE

A form of association of liner companies operating in the same trade Basically a conference is simply a meeting of all lines, serving any particular routes for the purpose of evolving any regular pattern of sailing to give the max service to shippers and to reach common agreements on routes Can be national and international level Two types of conference: Close conference members can only join with the consent of existing member and the ship owner must have a permanent interest in the shipping trade Applicants must also have sufficient financial background Open conference No restriction but they must have agreement from the majority of the members Applicants must also agree to the common tariff rates and other conditions set by the conference

PIGGY BACK

Although technically there are differences, most logistics people refer to Trailer on Flat Car (TOFC) and Container on Flatcar (COFC) as piggy back service This form of transportation involves the use of a motor carrier trailer or a container that is placed on a rail flatcar and transported between two or more terminals Temporary axles can be placed under the containers so that they can be delivered by truck At the terminal, a truck/prime mover performs the pickup and delivery functions Piggy back services thus combine the low cost of long haul rail movement with the flexibility and convenience of short haul truck transportation

The lighter aboard ship (LASH) system refers to the practice of loading barges (lighters) aboard a larger vessel for transport. It was developed in response to a need to transport lighters, a type of unpowered barge, between inland waterways separated by open seas. Lighters are typically towed or pushed around harbors, canals or rivers and cannot be relocated under their own power. The carrier ships are known variously as LASH carriers, barge carriers, kangaroo ships or lighter transport ships.

MV Rhine Forest in the Port of Rotterdam

(Barges Abroad Catamaran) Def: A way of loading cargo large cargo ship
The experimental system was capable of conveying 140 tons compartment boats across the North Sea within a larger double-hulled vessel. On reaching their home port the smaller craft were to be taken further inland by tugs.

cargo

Large barges

ship