Design &Implementation Of Low Voltage Dynamic VAR Compensator

B.SC THESIS DEFENSE PRESENTATION By 1.NETSANET TADIWOS RET786238723 2. WOLDEMARIAMWORKU 3.YESUNEH CHALLA 4.ZEKERIEYA HASSEN

Advisor Mr.Balakrishinan

Presentation outline
1. Introduction

2. Problem statement 3. Objective 4. Methodology 5. Scope of the project

Cont
6. Expected out come 7. Review of literatures' 8. Design & analysis 9. Microcontroller algorithm scheme 10. Result & discussion 11. Conclusion & Recommendation

. 1

Introduction

Active and Reactive power Effect of Inductive loads Major industrial loads are MOTORS Inductive Loss is Measured in terms of POWER FACTOR

. What

is Power Factor

Inductive loads store energy as magnetic fields Release the energy after a delay of quarter cycle Results in REACTIVE POWER - loss Resistive loads convert energy Results in ACTIVE POWER - Utility Power factor is the ratio between ACTIVE POWER and REACTIVE POWER

What is Power Factor The ideal power factor is unity, or one. When the power factor is less than one the missing power known as reactive power

Power Factor CORRECTION A poor power factor can be improved by the addition of REACTIVE POWER of opposite phase Capacitors REACTIVE POWER is opposite to Reactive Power in Inductive load Capacitors can correct POWER LOSS AND improve POWER FACTOR to UNITY

2. problem of statement
This project is developed to improve the weakness of . static capacitor bank. Static capacitor bank is a traditional method was used to improve the power factor by using capacitor bank. The weakness of the static capacitor bank, which affect the operations: Capacitive compensation does not change according to increase or reduction in loads. Could not detect load rating that change inefficiency Operation and power factor correction not optimized

3 .Objective
Main objective Maintain PF near UNITY By Switching ON and OFF of capacitors Activated by RELAYS Automatically by Microcontroller based CONTROL UNIT

Cont
Specific objective

Apply consistent Measuring & Verification methodology quantify and identify the power factor of the power system. Identify the lead and lag conditions

Demonstrate the operation of a Dynamic VAR compensator with the help of test loads such as Choke, High impedance motor etc.

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4. Methodology Software part PROGRAMING PIC16f84A . Proteus For Simulation Of Software Microchips MPLAb X IDE & XC8 C compiler Hardware part The circuitry design involves Microcontroller current transformer Relays Capacitors Inductor voltage transformer etc. comparator

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5 Scope of the project

Operation single-phase capacitor bank power and Control circuit of unloader motor (220V, 50Hz). developed around the microcontroller (PIC 16F84A) by using XC8 compiler under MPLAB X IDE. developed by using current transformer, which senses the current according to load change in single-phase inductive loads
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6 Expected out come

The power factor with inductive loads will be measured and highlighted as the fundamental problem to be solved by dynamically connecting and disconnecting capacitors. The design will be tested and demonstrated with resistive and inductive test loads. The improvement in the power factor as a result of the dynamic switching of the capacitors will be proved.

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7 Literature review
Capacitor banks

A bank of capacitors is connected across the load. Since the capacitor takes leading reactive power, overall reactive power taken from the source decreases, consequently system power factor improves
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Cont
Advantages 1. They have low losses. 2. They require little or no maintenance as there is no rotating parts. 3. They can be easily installed, as they are light and do not require foundation. 4.They can work under ordinary atmospheric condition.

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Cont
Disadvantages of using capacitor banks 1. They have short life span of 8-10 years. 2. They are easily damaged if exceed the rated value. 3. Once damaged, they have to be removed, as their repairing is uneconomical

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Cont
Static thyristor control Static thyristor controlled reactors are connected in parallel with load for the control of reactive power flow. With increase in the size of industrial connected loads, fast reactive power compensation has become necessary. For such loads, thyristor controlled reactors are now becoming increasingly popular Thyristor controlled reactors provide partial cancellation of Harmonics.

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Cont Thyristor switched capacitor

A thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power in electrical power systems. It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve and, usually, a current limiting inductor (reactor). A TSC is usually a three-phase assembly, connected in either a delta or a star arrangement. Unlike the TCR, a TSC generates no harmonics and so requires no filtering

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Cont

Due to the magnetizing current of induction motors, it is easy to correct each individual motor by connecting the correction capacitors to the motor starters. With static correction, it is important that the capacitive current is less than the inductive demagnetizing current of the induction motor. When the motor is Off Line, the capacitors are also Off Line

static VAR compensator

Cont
Advantages
The main advantage of SVCs over simple mechanically switched compensation schemes is their near-instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason, they are often operated at close to their zero-point in order to maximize the reactive power correction they can rapidly provide when required. They are in general cheaper, higher capacity, faster, and more reliable than dynamic compensation schemes such as synchronous condensers

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Cont
Centralized compensation The reactive power is subdivided in a number of capacitor steps that can be connected independently. The advantage of this system is that the total capacitor power is smaller than the sum needed for individual compensation. Therefore, this system is a good economical solution

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Cont

Several inductive loads can be grouped together and equipped with a common capacitor bank. This system usually applies for users that have their own installations with distribution transformers and high voltage power lines/cables Individual compensation This type of compensation is applied to motors, transformers, and in general to loads with a high time of operation. Capacitors are directly connected in parallel to the terminals of the loads.

Group compensation

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8 Design and analysis

The . block diagram contains the following sections Power supply section Microcontroller section Measurements comparator section

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Cont
U4
7812

U6
7805 VO 3 1 VI VO 3

.
TR1 V1
VSINE

VI

GND

D1
UF4003

470u

470u

470u

C6 U5
7912 2 VI

C5

C10

GND

C9
470u

D2

D7
VO 3

1N4003

U2 C8
470u

1N751A

GND

C7
470u

D4
1N751A

3 6 2

7 1

R1
1.0K

D3

X1
CRYSTAL

1N751A

R4
TRAN-1P2S 1.0K

LM308A

U1
16 15 4 OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT MCLR RA0 RA1 RA2 RA3 RA4/T0CKI RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 PIC16F84A 17 18 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

4 8

U3 R5 TR2
10R GND

D8
1N751A R2 1.0K

D5
1N751A

3 6

D6
1N751A

4 8
LM308A

R3
1.0K

TRAN-1P2S

7 1

D14 SW1
SW -SPST

R6
330

L4
MPZ2012S300A

Q4
BC548C

RL4

Q3
BC548C

RL3

Q2
BC548C

RL2

Q1
BC548C

RL1 D12

LED

D13

R7
330

SW2
SW -SPST

L1 D9
MPZ2012S300A 1N4003

D10
1N4003

D11
1N4003 12V 12V

1N4003

LED

SW3
SW -SPST

L2
12V MPZ2012S300A 12V

SW4
SW -SPST

L3
MPZ2012S300A

C1
1000u

C2
1000u

C3
1000u

C4
1000u

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Cont
Capacitor bank design considerations Load voltage, Load current and Frequency

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9 Microcontroller algorithm scheme

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10 Result & Discussion First stage is concern with the step down arrangement of incoming voltage and current signals into the PIC level voltage (e.g. 5V).

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Cont
Second stage is concerned with zero crossing level detection by using an IC (IC # lm324) of both the coming signals. This is done by Voltage signal can be acquired by using the output of Potential Transformer for detection. Current signal can be acquired by using Current Transformer connected at main line

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Cont
When resistive load is ON, there is no lagging in current and voltage signals and are in phase as shown in fig 4.3 .In this case the power factor would be 0.9 as the referenced value, so there is no insertion of capacitor

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Cont When a large inductive is ON, there is large phase delay in between current and voltage signals. Microcontroller senses the delay produced by the load, and according to the delay, it inserts the desired value of capacitor to improve the power factor of the system

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Cont
When Small Inductive Load is ON, there is phase delay in between current and voltage signals. Microcontroller senses the delay produced by the load, and according to the delay, it inserts the desired value of capacitor to improve the power factor of the system

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Cont
When Both Resistive and inductive Load is ON, there is large phase delay in between current and voltage signals. Microcontroller senses the delay produced by the load, and according to the delay, it inserts the desired value of capacitor to improve the power factor of the system

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Cont
Result after a capacitor inserted for small induction motor

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Cont

Result For magnetic ballast before capacitor inserted

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Cont

Result after a capacitor inserted in a magnetic ballast

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Cont

Result after a capacitor inserted in large induction motors

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11 Conclusion
This project work is an attempt to design and implement low voltage dynamic VAR compensator using PIC Microcontroller (16F84A). PIC Microcontroller senses the power factor by continuously monitoring the load of the system, and then according to the lagging behavior of power factor due to load it performs the control action through a proper algorithm by switching capacitor bank through different relays and improves the power factor of the load..

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Cont
This project gives more reliable and user-friendly power factor controlling system by continuously monitoring the load of the system. Measuring of power factor from load is achieved by using PIC Microcontroller developed algorithm to determine and trigger sufficient switching of capacitors in order to compensate demand of excessive reactive power locally, thus bringing power factor near to desired level

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12 Recommendation
Dynamic VAR compensation using capacitor banks is very efficient as it reduces the cost by decreasing the power drawn from the supply and as it operates automatically that means no person required to operate this, so this Automated Power factor Correction using capacitive load banks must be used for the industries purpose in the future. This project was designed only for single-phase inductive loads. However, it will be better to modified for three phase inductive loads for industrial as well as commercial use.

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Cont.
Dynamic VAR compensator using relay as switching device used to switch on and off the required capacitor value. However, it has a draw back when the relay contacts. In order to avoid this drawback, it is better to do this dynamic VAR compensator using fast power electronics switching devices in the future. Install conditions as harmonic filters to avoid harmonic resonance problems and excessive voltage distortion levels

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Thank you
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