QSD 282 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

STEEL STRUCTURE
Prepared By:

MOHD HELMI BIN MOHD NASIR SYAFIQ ALIF BIN SOKARNO MOHD NAZMI BIN SAADON MOHD TARIQ BIN ABD RASHID
QS4D

2007105023 2007203982 2007104929 2007105161

Prepared For: PN SITI SARAH BINTI MAT ISA

INTRODUCTION
Steel structure can be divided in two types hot rolled and cold rolled.

Cold Rolled Steel

The cold-formed steel shapes are formed at room temperature. Cold-formed steel structural members are shapes commonly manufactured from steel plate, sheet metal or strip material. The manufacturing process involves forming the material by either press-braking or cold roll forming to achieve the desired shape. There are particularly useful in lightweight situation where standard hot rolled would be excessive. Development of zed and sigma section has proved very successful alternatives to the traditional use of steel angle for truss purlins. Example of Cold-Formed Steel that would not be considered framing includes metal roofing, roof and floor deck, composite deck, metal siding, and purlins and girts on metal buildings.

Hot Rolled Steel

The hot rolled steel shapes are formed at elevated temperatures. It is the most used structural steelwork. Universal beam and column are produced in a range of standard size the inside dimension and weight designed by serial sizes. Each serial has inside dimension between flange and flange edge and web remain constant. The deep web to flange dimension of beam are chosen as structural element. Standard hot rolled are given in BS4 and BS EN 100067

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE

Recycling The material is 100% recyclable. The steel industry annually saves enough energy to power 18 million households for a year. Strength and durability Steel framing material is significantly stronger than wood. No other construction material can match steel's superior strength and durability. Steel has the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any construction material. Steel's strength and non-combustible qualities enable a steel framed structure to better resist such devastating events as fires, earthquakes, and hurricanes.

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE (Contd)

Termites Steel is simply impervious to termites and other dam agecausing bugs and pests. Weight
Steel components weigh 60% less than wood. Steel is light but very strong. Foundations can be lighter; transportation and site handling are easier.

High structural efficiency

Steel components allow for longer spans with less post supports. Steel has one of the highest weights to strength ratios of all construction materials. This strength advantage means better design flexibility, wider spans and better material usage.

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE

Availability of labour and tools
In many areas it is difficult to find framing crews that are trained in light steel construction. In addition to the labour training required to convert to the use of steel, builders and labourers must obtain some new tools not presently used by carpenters. The combination of additional training and tools translate to increased costs of construction for a short period of time.
Steel is an excellent thermal conductor requiring additional exterior insulation or thermal breaks to overcome this disadvantage. Steel components can rust if left exposed in marine climates.

Thermal conductivity

Rust

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
The main factors to be considered in choosing steel structure are:
Strength and stability Durability and freedom from maintenance Fire safety Site cost Construction cost

GIRDERS
Lattice Girder Where there is a requirement for a large floor area, unobstructed by column a deep lattice girder or vierendeel girder are used. A lattice girder is a girder where the flanges are connected by a lattice. Lattice girders are made by a combination of structural sections connected with diagonal bracing. The girder is fabricated from mild steel plate angle, channel and beam Section which a cut and welded together to form an open web beam.

GIRDERS (Contd)
Trussed Frame Used mainly for short and medium-span single storey building intended for industrial and recreational use. The compression members are called rafters & struts & tension members known as ties. Structural members are connected together, where the centre lines coverage with flat-shape plates called gussets. Can be riveted, bolted or welded together to form a rigid triangulated truss.

GIRDERS (Contd)
Vierendeel Girder The Vierendeel girder members are not triangulated but form rectangular opening and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending member. No diagonal bracing in Vierendeel girder. The creation of rectangular openings for doors and windows is simplified by using this girder.

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

The function for any roof is to provide a protective covering to the upper surface of the structure. A steel roof truss is a plane frame consisting of a series of rigid triangles composed of compression and tension members. The compression members are called rafters and struts, and the tension members are termed ties.

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES (Contd)

Lattice Girder Roof (Sawtooth) This roof consists of a series of trusses fixed to girders. Monitor Roof Light This is a flat roof with raised portions called monitors used to admit light. This type of roofing gives a more uniform level of daylighting.

FASTENING METHOD
The primary connection method for structural steel are bolting and welding. A structures strength depends on proper use of this connection method. Connections made in a fabrication shop are called shop connection. Connections made in the field by the steel erecter are called site or field connection. Bolting and welding may be used for shop and site connection.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Structural Bolting During hoisting, connecters will install a minimum of 2 bolts per connection. The rest of the bolt are installed and tightened after the structure is plumed. A systematic pattern must be followed when tightening bolts so that a joint is drawn together and all fasteners is properly installed. Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt. Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt. Grip is the distance from the behind of the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

PARTS OF BOLTS ASSEMBLY Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt. Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Structural Welding Where there is favourable working conditions, welding are the most economical way to make strong connections. Therefore, workshop connections are usually welded. Welding can be performs in the shop or on site. Welding is the process of fusing multiple pieces of metal together by heating the filler metal to a liquid state. A properly welded joint is stronger than the base metal. Welding in the field is avoided if possible due to welding condition requirement.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Fillet weld Most commonly used weld Theoretically triangular in cross section Joint 2 surface at approximately right angle to each other in lap, tee and corner joint Lap joint in which the parts welded are in parallel planes Tee or cruciform joint, in which the parts welded are more or less perpendicular to one another Corner joint, in which the parts are also more or less perpendicular to one another. To improve the strength and stiffness of the joint, the outer corner is normally butt welded.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Plug and Slot Welds Slot and plug welds are seldom used in building structures. They principally prevent buckling or separation of lapped plates.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Spot weld Spot welds are seldom used in building structures. The parts to be joined, which must be thin, are clamped together by two electrodes. A current passing through the electrodes melts the pieces locally, and the clamping pressure forces them together, forming a fused spot. A line of such spots constitutes a joint.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Butt Welds A butt weld is made within the crosssection of the abutting plates in a butt or tee joint. Normally, the plate edges have to be prepared before welding. In some cases, if the plate thickness is less than about 5mm, edge preparation can be avoided.

FASTENING METHOD (Contd)

Groove weld Are specified when a fillet weld is not appropriate for the job The configuration of the pieces may not permit fillet welding A strength greater than that provided by a fillet weld is required Made in the space or groove between 2 pieces being welded

FIRE PROTECTION
The materials used for fire protection of structural steelwork may be grouped as:
Sprayed coatings Board casings Preformed casings Plaster and lath Concrete, brick or block casing

FIRE PROTECTION (Contd)

Sprayed Coatings This method used spray to spraying on the surface of structural steel sections to provide fire protection and it is a lightweight coating. This is one of the cheapest method of providing a fire protection coating or casing to steel for protection up to four hours, depending on the thickness of the coating. These material is generally coarse textured and because the lightweight nature of the material, these coating are easily damaged by knocks and abrasions. Spray coating may be divided into two broad groups as:
Mineral fibre spray coatings Vermiculite / Gypsum / Cement spray coatings

FIRE PROTECTION (Contd)

Board Casings Board casing may be grouped as the type of the boards that are used: Mineral fibre boards or batts Vermiculite / Gypsum boards Plasterboard For these board casings to be effective as fire protection they must be securely fixed around the steel section and joints between boards must be covered, lapped or filled to provide an effective seal to the joints in the board casing. These board casings are not suitable for external use because easy damaged by knocks.

FIRE PROTECTION (Contd)

Preformed Casings These casing are made in preformed L or U shapes ready for fixing around the range of standard column or beam sections respectively. These boards are made of vermiculite and gypsum, or with a sheet steel finish on a fire resisting lining. The vermiculite and gypsum are screwed to steel straps fixed around the steel section and the sheet metal faced casings by interlocking joint and screwing. Preform casing need a neat ready finished surface with good resistance to knocks and abrasion.

FIRE PROTECTION (Contd)

Plaster and Lath One of the traditional method for fire protection Expanded metal last is stretched and fix to stainless steel straps fixed around the steel section with metal angle beads at arrises. The last is covered with vermiculite gypsum plaster to provide an insulating fire protective casing that is trowelled smooth ready for decoration. This type of casing can suffer abrasion and knocks and suitable for using at ceiling and walls.

FIRE PROTECTION (Contd)

Concrete, Brick or Block Casings In-situ cast concrete casing is the traditional method for fire protection and corrosion for structural steelwork. Highly resistance to damage by knocks and prevents the concrete spalling away. The disadvantages of this type is increases the dead weight of the frame and cost on site labour and material in formwork. Brick casing used where brickwork cladding are permanent part of the building where the brick casing is used for appearances sake to match surrounding fairface brick. Expensive and labour intensive operation where need to cut and bonding of break around columns. Blockwork use as economic means of casing columns where division or wall are built up to structural steelwork. Labour in cutting and bonding these larger unit is considerably less than bricks The block encasing steelwork is reinforce by steel mesh or expended metal lath.

CASE STUDY

GIRDERS
They are hot rolled sections The main girder size for the building is 450mm x 225mm. For this case study, the secondary girder has two sizes. The size is 225mm x 150mm and 150mm x 115mm. The size of cantilever beam is 450mm x 225mm and 225mm x 150mm.

STANCHION
The stanchion is using hot rolled section. The common size of the stanchion on this building is 200mm x 140mm.

FASTENING METHOD
Methods that are used to fastening the joints of the structural steel members of this building are bolting and welding. But only a few frame members are properly welded while most of the structural members are properly bolted.

FIRE SAFETY
Dahlia 1 college fire protection for steel structure frame by using spray coatings and concrete box. Most of the beams are sprayed with the coating, while columns are protected by concrete casing.

STUDENT ANALYSIS
From our case study, which is Dahlia 1 College, we observed and can analyse that steel structure gives a lot of benefits. The benefits are:

More space Cantilever girder design allows more space to be used below of the structure. The spaces can be used for other purposes without obstruction of stanchions or columns. Moreover, steel is a small structure that can carry more load than large reinforced concrete frame. The size of the steel structure frame, which is small, can make floor area larger.

STUDENT ANALYSIS
Economic Cantilever girder is an economical way to built for this building. This is because the space can be use for other purposes. Fast in completion The building is build in fast pace as it is designed with simplicity and can be used shortly after the completion of the construction Fire escape The fire safety provided for this building is enough to give some time to let the occupants of the college to escape the building as the fire protection for steel frames can resist fire for up to four (4) hours.

CONCLUSION

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