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Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange

Circulation In Animals
Gastrovascular Cavities
Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes

Circulation In Animals
Open Circulatory Systems
Arthropoda, Mollusca hemolymph

Closed Circulatory Systems


mollusca, nematoda, annelida, vertebrates blood interstitial fluid

Cardiovascular System
Heart
atria & ventricles

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

Circulation In Invertebrates
Clam - 3 chambered heart Worm
dorsal vessel (contracts) aortic arches (fills ventral vessel) ventral vessel (returns blood to body)

Crayfish
sinuses fill before blood moves into heart

Circulation Patterns

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart


Two chambers (one atria and one ventricle)
along with a sinus venosus and a conus venosus)

Two chambers plus septa


lungfish

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart


Three chambers (two atria and one ventricle)
amphibians, reptiles

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart


Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles)
Crocodilians, mammals, birds

Path of Blood Through The Heart


Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava Right Atria Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (tricuspid) Right Ventricle Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atria Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (bicuspid) Left Ventricle Semilunar Valve Aorta Body

Circulatory Schemes

Cardiac Cycle
Diastole Contract Valves Neither AV open Semilunar closed 0.4 sec Atrial Systole Atria AV open Semilunar closed 0.1 sec
Ventricular r Systole

Ventricle AV closed Semilunar open 0.3 sec Pump Blood

Time

Function Fill Heart Overfill Ventricle

Cardiac Output
Volume of blood per minute from the left ventricle Depends on two factors
Heart rate (pulse) Stroke volume

Average Human
75 ml/beat 70 beats/min 5.25 L/min (your blood volume)

Cardiac Control
Annelids and Mollusks
myogenic

Arthropods
neurogenic

Vertebrates
myogenic and neurogenic

Control of Heart Rhythm


Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) Atrioventricular node

Blood Vessels
Vessels
endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Arteries
thick walled

Veins
thinner walled valves

Capillaries
single layer

Lymphatic System
Used to return lost fluid and proteins to blood Lymph - fluid Lymph Nodes - connective tissue with WBCs to attack disease

Interchange of Fluid
Hydrostatic Pressure
highest near arterioles due to blood pressure

Osmotic Pressure
due to solutes in blood

Mammalian Blood Composition


Plasma (55%)
Water Ions Plasma Proteins Nutrients Wastes Gases Hormones

Cellular Elements (45%)


Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

Blood Clotting
Injury triggers platelets to area Changes prothrombin to thrombin which than converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Blood Pressure

Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure

Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension Heart Attack Stroke Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis LDLs HDLs

Cardiovascular Surgeries
Angiogram Angioplasty Stents

Cardiovascular Surgeries
Bypass Surgery

Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension Heart Attack Stroke Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis LDLs HDLs

Gas Exchange

Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces


Large surface area Thin Moist

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial


Less than 1% oxygen Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (20%) About 21% oxygen Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation Terrestrial animals may use only 1% 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen

Respiratory Surfaces
Cutaneous Respiration Gills Tracheal Systems Lungs

Cutaneous Respiration
Direct diffusion of gases between the organism and the environment Found in Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, nematodes, and some annelids Supplements other organisms

Gills
Found in echinoderms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, some vertebrates Countercurrent Gas Exchange

Countercurrent Gas Exchange


Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries Extracts 80% of the oxygen from the water

Tracheal Systems
Found in arthropods Tracheae
open tubes

Spiracles
openings

Tracheoles
contact with cells

Muscle
increase amount of Carbon Dioxide removed

Tracheal Systems

Diffusion Lungs
Found in invertebrates Gas moved primarily by diffusion
may be increased by body movement

Modifications
snails - cavity with gill modified into lung scorpions and spiders - invaginations of the abdomen

Ventilation Lungs
Found in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

Alveoli

Ventilating The Lungs


Positive Pressure Breathing
pushes air down trachea seen in frogs and other amphibians

Negative Pressure Breathing


suction created by diaphragm seen in mammals

Negative Pressure Breathing

Avian Respiration
Airs sacs allow for one-way ventilation Parabronchi rather than alveoli

Breathing Control
Occurs in Medulla oblongota and Pons Monitors Carbon Dioxide (converts to carbonic acid)
lowers pH and causes increase in depth and rate of breathing

Loading and Unloading

Oxygen Transport

Hemocyanin - used by arthropods and mollusks Hemoglobin - used by verts

CO2Transport

Carbon Dioxide Transport


Carbon dioxide transported from tissue by erythrocyte
7% transported as Carbon Dioxide in blood 23% of Carbon Dioxide and most of the Hydrogen ions are attached to hemoglobin 70% transported as Bicarbonate in plasma

Deep-diving Mammals
Stores large amounts of oxygen in blood and muscles (twice as much as us)
twice the volume of blood huge spleen myoglobin

Deep-diving Mammals
Conservation techniques
exhale before diving (prevent bends / pressure) decrease heartrate and oxygen consumption reduce blood supply to muscles (anaerobic)

Smoking
In the United States, an estimated 26.2 million men (23.5 percent) and 20.9 million women (18.1 percent) are smokers. These people are at higher risk of heart attack and stroke. Every eight seconds, someone dies from tobacco use. Cigarettes cause more than one in five American deaths.

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