NETWORKING

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COMPUTER NETWORK
Networking is a practice of linking of two or more computing devices such as PCs, printers, faxes etc., with each other Connection between two devices is through physical media or logical media to share information, data and resources. Networks are made with the hardware and software.

NETWORKING
Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier in the world of computing called the client/server model. .

NETWORKING
File server :- A computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network. Web server :- A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the browser client) for web pages.

Devices Use To Connect Network

Routers Gateways Repeaters Bridges Hub Modem

TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN :- Local Area Network

MAN :- Metropolitan Network

WAN :- Wide Area Network PAN :- Personal Area Network

Local Area Network (lan)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link. Typically, connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area . A local area network may serve as few as two or three users or as many as thousands of users.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines.

WIDE Area Network (WAN)

The WAN is a communications network that makes use of existing technology to connect local computer networks into a larger working network that may cover both national and international locations. Devices used in WAN is only Router.

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal area network a network for interconnecting devices centered around an individual person's workspace in which the connections are wireless. Wireless PAN is based on the standard IEEE 802.15. The two kinds of wireless technologies used for WPAN are Bluetooth and Infrared Data Association.

LAN AS WAN

Local-area networks connected across a distance to create a wide-area network.

Internet Connections
There are various technologies available that you can use to connect a home computer to the Internet A phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the destination converts it back again into data A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone companys central office A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) established the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network communication.

The layers of the OSI Reference Model

WHAT IS PROTOCOL
Within computer science, a communications protocol is a system of digital rules for message exchange within or between computers.

Network Protocols

Network protocols are layered such that each one relies on the protocols that underlie it Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack.

Layering of key network protocols

TCP/IP
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol :TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP software for delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at their destination. IP stands for Internet Protocol :IP software deals with the routing of packets through the maze of interconnected networks to their final destination.

High-Level Protocols
Other protocols build on the foundation established by the TCP/IP protocol suite : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)

ROUTERS
Defn:-Router A router is specialized computer connected to more than one network. A router runs software that allows the device to move data from one network to another. Routers operate at the network layer (OSI Models layer 3). The primary function of the router is to connects networks together & keep certain kinds of broadcast traffic under control. There are several companies that makes routers: Cisco(Linksys), Juniper, Nortel(Bay Networks), Redback, Lucent, 3Com & HP.

WIRELESS FIDELITY
Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired Technology, which is commonly used, for connecting devices in wireless mode. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Wi-Fi Network connect computers to each other, to the internet and to the wired network.

Wi-Fi works on physical and data link layer.

Application
Communication Field Industries Medical Field Research Field Organisations School College

CONCLUSION
Computer Networking is a very vast project in the present developing era of electronics and communication. Now a days, computers are used in a wider range. All the organizations are using multiple computers within their departments to perform their day to day work.Computer network allows the user to share data share folders and files withother users connected in a network.Computer Networking has bound the world in a verysmall area with it wide networking processes like LAN, MAN, WAN