3.

5 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

Group Members; Nor Mahfuzah Nur Naimah Nur Ritasha

3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

Ocean covered 3 4 of entire earth Play major role in determine earth weather & climate

Connection of ocean & climate

Complex exchange of heat & mass occur

Ocean is a dominant heat reservoirs

Complete system of landatmosphereocean

Ocean current transport heat from tropics to higher latitude

Poleward heat transported is COMPARABLE to magnitude with that atmosphere

Ocean influenced weather pattern to large regions

Close linkage to phenomenon like monsoon

3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

3.5.1 PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WATER

Ocean is horizontally stratified Parameter vary much with ocean depth than horizontal direction Basic characteristic of ocean are;
Temperature Salinity Density Nonionized compound +ve & -vely charged ion
Sea water is a complex solution of;

Inorganic compund

3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

BASIC CHARACTERISTIC OCEAN WATER

Temperature Changes much more with depth Drop by 5C with 1km depth Horizontal changes 5C with 5000km Mean of global ocean temp =3.5C
3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

Salinity Total quantity of solid material contained in sea water when all material completely oxidized Salinity depends on zonal nature Equator= lowest Subtropical= highest Small changes of salinity Alter sea water density So need to be measure accurately Method to measure salinity by; Measure its electric conductivity
=
3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

High salinity condition

Evaporation exceeds precipitation

Low salinity condition

Near coastline

Open sea

Region of fresh water influx from river

Polar region

Density Many oceanic movement driven by differences in density It is a function of salinity temperature & pressure Warm + fresh water= less dense Cold + salty= denser & sink Pycnocline=transition zone A barrier between surface and bottom layer

3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

Temperature decrease with depth

Seawater salinity increase, freezing point decrease

3.5 Sea Surface Temperature

Density increase with decreasing temperature

3.5.2 THE LAYERED THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE OCEAN

There are 3 layers of the ocean structure: 1. Mixed layer 2. Thermocline 3. Deep layer

Figure 1: Cross-sectional diagram of the Atlantic Ocean. Note that the thickness of the layers varies with latitude. At high latitudes, only the deep-water layer exists.

MIXED LAYER

Upper layer of the sea that extend from surface down to depth about 10200 meters.

Volume of mixed layer: 2% of the volume of the ocean water.

At altitude 10 and 40 mixed layer tends to be more saline than the thermocline

At higher altitude mixed layer is less saline because of rain and melting ice.

The upper mixed layer is all one temperature but that temperature can vary from -2at the poles to +30 in the tropics.

THERMOCLINE

Region of transition between mixed layer and deep layer begin at 200 meters in the tropics where it may end at close to 1,000 meters

Volume of thermocline layer: 18% of the volume of the ocean water.

Temperature decreases rapidly with increasing depth

PROBLEM: Difficult to mark the depth of thermocline precisely.

WHY??

In low and mid latitudes, thermocline present at depth between 200-1000m At higher latitudes where SST is lower, thermocline is present only seasonally.

DEEP LAYER

Sea water that below 1 km depth and has uniformly cool temperature ranging between -2 to +5
It is under the tropical areas, most temperate areas when there is a main thermocline, and is all the way to the surface in the polar areas (where there is no thermocline).

It is not affected by the seasons.

Volume of the deep layer: 80% of all ocean water by volume.

FACTORS THAT AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE

- Include length of time and the angle of the sun's rays. - The longer the time and the more direct the rays of the sun fall on the ocean, the greater the temperature of seawater. - Tropical areas that get more yearround sun and more direct sun (almost 90 degrees, straight down for most of the year at noon) have warmer surface waters than polar areas that may have no sun at all for several months each year and then very steep angles of the sun's rays.

Amount of sun that hits that area.

FACTORS THAT AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALINIT Y

Relative amount of evaporation or precipitation in an area
If there is more evaporation than precipitation then the salinity increases (since salt is not evaporated into the atmosphere).

Inflows of fresh water

- The runoff from most small streams and rivers is quickly mixed with ocean water and has little effect on salinity. - Large rivers (Amazon River) may make the ocean have little or no salt content for over a mile or more out to sea.

The freezing and thawing (pencairan) of ice

- The thawing of large icebergs (made of frozen fresh water and lacking any salt) will decrease the salinity - The actual freezing of seawater will increase the salinity temporarily.

3.5.3 RS OF OCEAN PARAMETERS: IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF SST

It is ver y impor tant but it is dif ficult to cover the vast expanse of the oceans. PROBLEMS: High cost of operating and maintaining meteorological and oceanographic research vessels (kapal khas). There are only a few dedicated vessels There is a voluntary naval vessels (sukarela kapal tentera laut) that undertake to carry out additional responsibilities in reporting weather observations and keep a log of the weather (laporkan pemerhatian cuaca dan menyimpan log cuaca), but the key constraint in this effort is that the observations are limited to a narrow set of shipping routes. (Means does not cover all areas).

U.S. Navy research vessel that is operated for the American ocean research community by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The vessel is part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System.

IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF SST (CONT)

3.5.3 RS OF OCEAN PARAMETERS: RS SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS PARAMETERS

Sea Surface Temperature
Shows ocean circulation features Shows thermal fronts Eddies and upwelling zones Basic tools to monitor El Nino phenomenon.

3.5.3 RS OF OCEAN PARAMETERS: RS SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS PARAMETERS

Ocean Color Indicator of phytoplankton presence Reveals the properties of the seabed Shows ocean circulation patterns Regions of front and upwelling

3.5.3 RS OF OCEAN PARAMETERS: RS SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS PARAMETERS

Sea Surface Elevation/Height
Product of satellite altimetry Help in the study of shape of marine geoids Provide information on tides A comparison of 1993 through 1994 average sea-surface elevation from (A) a 1/4 model and from (B) TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry.

3.5.3 RS OF OCEAN PARAMETERS: RS SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS PARAMETERS

Sea Surface Roughness Measure of wind effect on sea surface Estimated by scatterometers and synthetic aperture radars. The spatial resolution is 20 kilometers and only the scalar wind speed is provided because the wind direction is not retrievable.

SATELLITE DERIVED SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

SST can be used for:

To assess eddies fronts and upwelling for marine navigation

Detection of cyclogenesis

Measuring biological productivity

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SATELLITE SST RETRIEVALS

A satellite radiometer measures radiation over finite wavelength band.
The radiance measured has an associated brightness temperature/the temperature at which a blackbody would emit the same radiation

If the emissivity is known, the bodys true surface temperature can be computed.

As the emissivity of sea surface can be assumed to have a value of 1, which is a very close approximation the satellite measured TIR window can be inverted to get the temperature of the sea surface.

 NOAA AVHRR channels 1 (0.58-0.68 ) and 2 (0.725-1 .1 ) measure reflected solar radiation in the VIS and NIR regions. Channels 3 (3.55-3.93 ), 4 (10.3-11 .3 ) , and 5 (11.5-12.5 ) are dominated by IR radiation emitted from the surface and the earth's atmosphere.

 Channel 3 has the advantage that it is less sensitive to atmospheric water vapour. However,channel 3 will admit a substantial amount of reflected solar radiation(used at night) Channels 4 and 5 are more af fected by water vapour, but are not substantially contaminated by reflected solar radiation. It is the judicious combination of radiance measurements from channels 3, 4 and 5 that permits extraction of SST.

T WO MAJOR LIMITATIONS OF SATELLITE SST RETRIEVALS

The clouds block infrared radiation from the earths surface from reaching the satellite and if cloudy regions are not appropriately identified, SST retrieval would turn out to be incorrect. Residual attenuation of the emission from the sea surface on its upward path and scattering by aerosols and atmospheric water vapor.

1)

In general there are three dif ferent classes of SST derivation algorithms. The split-window algorith m uses the T II brightness temper ature as the lowest order estimate of sea surface temp eratu re and the differen ce T11- T 12 to correct for the atmosph er e. The dual-windo w algorith m uses the T11 brightness and the difference T 3.7 - T 11 to correct for the atmo sph ere .

2)

3)

The triple -window algorith m uses the T11 brightness and the T3.7 - TI2 difference to correct for the atmo sph ere. In addition , there are correction terms that must be applied to adjust the measu rem en ts mad e off nadir.

IF WE DEFINE TO BE THE SENSOR ZENITH ANGLE, THEN THE THREE ALGORITHMS HAVE THE FORM:

THE RETRIEVAL PROCESS INVOLVES THREE STEPS:

(1) Exclusion of data at large zenith angles since experience has shown that the SST retrievals degrade as the sensor zenith angles increases

(2) Finding cloudfree pixels for which there are several cloud detection techniques

(3) Applying an appropriate SST extraction algorithm.

3.5.5 MICROWAVE SST RETRIEVALS

Microwave estimates of SST possible because surface radiance is proportional to SST at frequencies between 4 and 12Ghz. Cloud and aerosols are essentially transparent to microwave radiation at frequencies < 12Ghz. Instruments that has been used to derive SST include: - Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI ) - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)

3.5.5 MICROWAVE SST RETRIEVALS

3.5.5.1 ADVANCEMENT IN MICROWAVE SST RETRIEVALS (CONT)

TRMM Microwave Imager TMI - Available in December 1997 - Microwave SST data from measurements at 10.7 GHz - Footprint size for SST measurements is 46 km - Accuracy about 0.5 C - Limitation: In coastal region, TMI brightness temperatures are contaminated by land in the antenna side lobes within about 50 km of land. - Limitation: Geographical coverage is limited to the latitude band of 40S-40N.

Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E)

- Orbiting the earth on the on the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS II) in a sun synchronous - Near-polar orbit since June 2002 - Covers 89% of the globe each day and 98% of it every two days - Retrievals of SST are based on measurements of brightness temperature at 6.9 GHz - Footprint size for SST measurements is 56 km - Accuracy about 0.4C

3.5.5.2 PRODUCT OF SST MAP FROM TMI AND AMSR-E

Below: Image from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) aboard NASAs Aqua spacecraft shows SST in the Pacific Ocean. Rectangular box on the right side of the image outlines the area closely monitored for El Nino development.

FUTURE: BLENDING THERMAL INFRARED BLENDING THERMAL INFRARED AND AND PASSIVE MICROWAVE SST PASSIVE MICROWAVE SST
Purpose: Combining the high accuracy and resolution of the thermal infrared SST measurements with the better temporal and spatial coverage of passive microwave SST measurements (due to cloud transparency) to get more accurate data. Example project: International Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) High -Resolution SST Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP) Consideration: Correct for dif ferences due to diurnal heating and evaporative cooling, biases introduced by high wind speeds, water vapor and other atmospheric conditions by tested a model for each of them.